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CP > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Undesirable reactions directed against innocuous agents in a pre-sensitised host is known as

A

an allergy

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2
Q

Coombs and Gell (1963) developed a

A

classification of hypersensitivity

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3
Q

IgE is involved in

A

anaphylaxis

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4
Q

Cytotoxic reaction occur in response to antigens

A

at the cell surface

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5
Q

Goodpasture’s nephritis and Erythroblastosis fetalis are examples of

A

Type II reactions

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6
Q

Type III reactions occur in response to antigens

A

that are soluble

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7
Q

SLE is an example of a

A

Type III reaction

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8
Q

Nickel is a common antigen that causes

A

Type IV reactions

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9
Q

The lack of infectious drive in contributing to allergic disease is known as

A

the hygiene hypothesis

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10
Q

The immune response to parasitic infections involves

A

increased IgE and CD4 cells that secrete IL4, IL5 and IL13

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11
Q

Th2 deviation leads to

A

antibody mediated immunity (likely chance of allergies)

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12
Q

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins form the late phase reaction in

A

IgE mediated allergic response

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13
Q

In children, what reduction in BP is classified as anaphylaxis?

A

greater than 30% in systolic bP

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14
Q

What is the atopic triad?

A

Asthma, Rhinitis and Eczema

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15
Q

What should rhinitis be treated with?

A

Antihistamines and nasal steroids

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16
Q

Atopic dermatitis is caused by

A

something endogenous

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17
Q

How do you diagnose an allergy?

A

Graded challenge test
Basophil activation test
Skin prick test

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18
Q

What can indicate severe hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Blistering disorders

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19
Q

Dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils are

A

phagocytic cells

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20
Q

Autoimmune disease is

A

the breakdown of self-tolerance

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21
Q

Central tolerance and selection of T cells occurs

A

in the thymus

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22
Q

MHC Class 1 present to

A

CD8 cells

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23
Q

MHC class 1 are found on

A

all nucleated cells, never on RBCs

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24
Q

FOXP3 mutations cause

A

severe autoimmunity from birth

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25
Q

PTPN22 mutations cause

A

stronger immune responses

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26
Q

Rheumatic fever Abs can also react against

A

glycoproteins of the heart

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27
Q

Citrullination of proteins can lead to

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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28
Q

What condition do antibodies destroy the thyroid?

A

Hashimotos

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29
Q

What condition do autoantibodies block ACh receptors at NMJs, causing drooping eyelids, weakness in neck and arms?

A

Myasthenia gravis

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30
Q

In what condition should you always check the MCV?

A

Pernicious anaemia

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31
Q

What does vitamin B12 need to be absorbed?

A

IF

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32
Q

In what condition do antibodies react against antigens in the nucleus?

A

SLE

33
Q

scleroderma, polymyositis and Sjorgens syndrome are examples of

A

connective tissue diseases

34
Q

[a/(a+c)] is

A

sensitivity

35
Q

[d/(b+d)] is

A

specificity

36
Q

the positive predictive value is

A

[a/(a+b)]

37
Q

the negative predictive value is

A

[d/(c+d)]

38
Q

ANAs are antibodies that

A

bind to the cell nucleus

39
Q

ANAs can be detected using

A

indirect immunofluorescence

40
Q

What antibody is commonly found in RA but not used in diagnosis?

A

rheumatoid factor-

it is directed at the Fc portion of IgG

41
Q

What is more specific for RA than RF?

A

ACPA

42
Q

What can be used to diagnose Wegener’s granulomatosis?

A

ANCA

43
Q

cytoplasmic ANCA targets which antigens?

A

PR3 (70%)

MPO

44
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

clinical situation in which the immune system is not effective enough to protect the body against infection

45
Q

What type of immunodeficiency is usually due to genetics?

A

Primary

46
Q

TLRs, a type of pathogen recognition receptors, trigger the production of inflammatory cytokines such as

A

MyD88 and IRAK4

47
Q

Defects in which TLR leads to recurrent HSV encephalitis?

A

TLR3

48
Q

IRAK4 and MyD88 deficiencies present as

A

recurrent bacterial infections

poor inflammatory response

49
Q

one of the key proteins in the NADPH complex that has X-linked inheritance is

A

gp9/phox

50
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease presents as

A

recurrent abscesses caused by unusual organisms

51
Q

Dihydrothdamine reduction using flow cytometry can be used to investigate

A

chronic granulomatous disease

52
Q

Deficiency in C2 and C4 can cause

A

SLE

53
Q

Deficiency in C5-C9 (which form MAC) presents with

A

repeated episodes of bacterial meningitis

54
Q

What investigation can be done to check if there is a complement deficiency?

A

complement function test

55
Q

Antigens can be inactivated by antibodies by

A

Neutralisation
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement

56
Q

X linked agammaglobulinaemia is caused by a defect in

A

BTK

57
Q

IgA deficiency and CVID are examples if

A

B cell defects

58
Q

B cell defects should be treated with

A

Abx and IV IgG for life

59
Q

The CD20 receptor on the B cell is a target for what drug

A

Rituximab

60
Q

SCID is can be caused by

A

an Absence of T cells

metabolic deficiencies

61
Q

SCID is an emergency for what category of patients?

A

paediatric

62
Q

Immunomodulators that target TNF are

A

Adalimunab
Infliximab
Entanercept
Cetrolizumab

63
Q

Immunomodulators can be

A

fusion proteins
monoclonal antibodies
identical signalling proteins

64
Q

Passive immunisation is useful for

A

Hep B prophylaxis
Botulism
VZV

65
Q

What type of immunisation has limited use in the immunocompromised?

A

Active

66
Q

beta interferon can be used in therapy for what condition?

A

MS

67
Q

alpha interferon can be used to treat what virus?

A

Hep C

68
Q

Corticosteroids cause immunosuppression by

A

reducing T cell proliferation and the production of inflammatory cytokines

69
Q

What antimetabolite is a folate antagonist?

A

Methotrexate

70
Q

What antimetabolite cross links DNA?

A

cyclophosphamide

71
Q

Tacromilus is a

A

calcineurin inhibitor (affects T cells)

72
Q

What drugs are used in RA therapy?

A

Anti-TNF

Anti- IL6

73
Q

What Ab can be used in the treatment of asthma against IgE?

A

Omalizumab

74
Q

What Ab can be used in the treatment of asthma against IL-5?

A

Mepolizumab

75
Q

What parasitic infection can be passed on by cats and their litter?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

76
Q

Which MHC molecules are heterodimers?

A

class II

77
Q

What HLA is involved with fighting malaria?

A

HLA-B53

78
Q

What is allogenic transplantation?

A

Where an aggressive immunological response comes about due to foreign tissue

79
Q

What is important to prevent rejection of grafts?

A

HLA typing

CP (12 decks)

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