Advanced Microbiology Flashcards
CRP and procalcitonin are
non-specific inflammatory markers
Legionella antigen detection tests are a form of
direct detection that can be used at the point of care
HSV can be treated with
Aciclovir
VZV can be treated with
Aciclovir
Influenza can be treated with
Ostelamivir (oral)
Zanamavir (inhaled)
Hep C is an exception because it is a
RNA virus
NRTIs like AZT work by
inhibiting HIV replication
What type of infection would show normal WCC, high lymphocytes and normal neutrophils?
viral
HIV pyrimidine analogues include
Zidovudine and Lamivudine
HIV purine analogues include
Abacavir and Terbfair
Lamivudine and Terbafavir also work against
Hep B
Acyclovir and Ganciclovir are
Herpes polymerase inhibitors
An example of a hep C polymerase nucleotide inhibitors is
Sofosbuvir
NNRTIs include
Efavirenz and Nevirapine
Ritonavir is used to boost the levels of other
Polymerase inhibitors
HAART is composed of
2 NRTIs and NNRTI or
2 NRTIs and a boosted PI/integrase inhibitor
A M18V4 HIV mutation leads to resistance to
Lamivudine
peptidoglycan is a polymer of
N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine
beta-1,3-glucan is a polymer of
UDP-glucose
Antivirals that inhibit replication can be
Polymerases
NRTIs
NNRTIs
Protease inhibitors
Echinocandins, beta-lactams and glycopeptides are
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
an example of a beta-lactam with G-VE activity only is
Aztreonam, a monobactam
Tazocin increases the spectrum of what beta-lactam
piperacillin
Echinocandins end in
-‘fungin’
Aminoglycosides, MLS antibiotics, tetracyclines and omazolidinones are
protein synthesis inhibitors in bacteria
Gentamicin binds to
the 30S subunit
erythromycin binds to the 50S subunit and
inhibits protein elongation
Doxycycline binds to the
30S subunit
Which is more narrow spectrum, amoxicillin or meropenem?
Amoxicillin
Linezolid binds to the
50S subunit
what can be used in the nasal form in MRSA
Mupirocin
What is commonly used to treat UTIs?
Trimethoprim
What is effective against pneumocystis jirowecii and Toxoplasma gondii ?
Co-trimoxazole
Quinolone are effective against
bacteria only
Rifampin is used to treat
TB
The lower the MIC…
the more sensitive the antimicrobial agent
Azoles are used for
oral and vaginal thrush
Anaerobes and streptococci are innately resistant to
aminoglycosides
VRE reduce the binding of vancomycin by
1000 fold
Amino glycosides are concentration dependent which is
Cmax/MIC
Vancomycin is concentration dependent which is
AUC/MIC
beta-lactams are time dependent which is
Time>MIC
what antibiotic has the same bioavailability with with IV and PO
Ciprofloxacin
Trimethoprim can cause
hyperkalaemaia with ACEi
In pregnancy ciprofloxacin increases the risk of
arthropathy
Nitrofurantoin should be avoided at term because it can cause
neonatal haemolysis
Alcohol gel is suitable for everything but
C.diff and viral gastroenteritis which requires soap and water
catheter injection sites require disinfection with
2% chlorohexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol
The standard investigation for meningitis is
lumbar puncture
what is the main cause of encephalitis?
viruses
What inhibits folate synthesis?
Trimethoprim and sulfonamides
In what condition should lumbar puncture be discouraged?
brain abscesses as it can increase the pressure in the brain
What is used to assess the severity of pneumonia?
CURB65
Mantoux, IGRA and Quantiferon is used to test exposure to what?
TB
What criteria is used to assess the severity of cystitis and pylonephritis?
KASS
What is the main method of testing for a H.pylori infection?
stool antigen test
In liver abscesses, it is important to carry out what test?
Hyatid serology
What infection requires three sets of blood cultures at different times in the first 24 hours?
Endocarditis and vascular graft infections
What does the catalase test help to distinguish between?
Strep and staph
High risk pneumonias should be treated with
Co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin
What should be used to treat C.difficile?
oral metronidazole
An upper UTI can be treated with
IV Cefuroxime
Sepsis requires 2 of the following:
Temp >38
HR>90
RR>20
WBC>12
How much fluid are needed to manage sepsis?
500ml IV saline over 15 mins
What should cellulitis be treated with?
Flucloxacillin
Necrotising fasciitis should be treated with?
Meropenem and Clindamycin
What can stain the teeth of babies born if used in pregnancy?
Tetracycline
