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CP > Advanced Microbiology > Flashcards

Advanced Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

CRP and procalcitonin are

A

non-specific inflammatory markers

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2
Q

Legionella antigen detection tests are a form of

A

direct detection that can be used at the point of care

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3
Q

HSV can be treated with

A

Aciclovir

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4
Q

VZV can be treated with

A

Aciclovir

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5
Q

Influenza can be treated with

A

Ostelamivir (oral)

Zanamavir (inhaled)

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6
Q

Hep C is an exception because it is a

A

RNA virus

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7
Q

NRTIs like AZT work by

A

inhibiting HIV replication

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8
Q

What type of infection would show normal WCC, high lymphocytes and normal neutrophils?

A

viral

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9
Q

HIV pyrimidine analogues include

A

Zidovudine and Lamivudine

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10
Q

HIV purine analogues include

A

Abacavir and Terbfair

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11
Q

Lamivudine and Terbafavir also work against

A

Hep B

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12
Q

Acyclovir and Ganciclovir are

A

Herpes polymerase inhibitors

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13
Q

An example of a hep C polymerase nucleotide inhibitors is

A

Sofosbuvir

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14
Q

NNRTIs include

A

Efavirenz and Nevirapine

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15
Q

Ritonavir is used to boost the levels of other

A

Polymerase inhibitors

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16
Q

HAART is composed of

A

2 NRTIs and NNRTI or

2 NRTIs and a boosted PI/integrase inhibitor

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17
Q

A M18V4 HIV mutation leads to resistance to

A

Lamivudine

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18
Q

peptidoglycan is a polymer of

A

N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine

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19
Q

beta-1,3-glucan is a polymer of

A

UDP-glucose

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20
Q

Antivirals that inhibit replication can be

A

Polymerases
NRTIs
NNRTIs
Protease inhibitors

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21
Q

Echinocandins, beta-lactams and glycopeptides are

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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22
Q

an example of a beta-lactam with G-VE activity only is

A

Aztreonam, a monobactam

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23
Q

Tazocin increases the spectrum of what beta-lactam

A

piperacillin

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24
Q

Echinocandins end in

A

-‘fungin’

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25
Q

Aminoglycosides, MLS antibiotics, tetracyclines and omazolidinones are

A

protein synthesis inhibitors in bacteria

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26
Q

Gentamicin binds to

A

the 30S subunit

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27
Q

erythromycin binds to the 50S subunit and

A

inhibits protein elongation

28
Q

Doxycycline binds to the

A

30S subunit

29
Q

Which is more narrow spectrum, amoxicillin or meropenem?

A

Amoxicillin

30
Q

Linezolid binds to the

A

50S subunit

31
Q

what can be used in the nasal form in MRSA

A

Mupirocin

32
Q

What is commonly used to treat UTIs?

A

Trimethoprim

33
Q

What is effective against pneumocystis jirowecii and Toxoplasma gondii ?

A

Co-trimoxazole

35
Q

Quinolone are effective against

A

bacteria only

36
Q

Rifampin is used to treat

A

TB

37
Q

The lower the MIC…

A

the more sensitive the antimicrobial agent

37
Q

Azoles are used for

A

oral and vaginal thrush

38
Q

Anaerobes and streptococci are innately resistant to

A

aminoglycosides

39
Q

VRE reduce the binding of vancomycin by

A

1000 fold

40
Q

Amino glycosides are concentration dependent which is

A

Cmax/MIC

41
Q

Vancomycin is concentration dependent which is

A

AUC/MIC

42
Q

beta-lactams are time dependent which is

A

Time>MIC

43
Q

what antibiotic has the same bioavailability with with IV and PO

A

Ciprofloxacin

44
Q

Trimethoprim can cause

A

hyperkalaemaia with ACEi

45
Q

In pregnancy ciprofloxacin increases the risk of

A

arthropathy

46
Q

Nitrofurantoin should be avoided at term because it can cause

A

neonatal haemolysis

47
Q

Alcohol gel is suitable for everything but

A

C.diff and viral gastroenteritis which requires soap and water

48
Q

catheter injection sites require disinfection with

A

2% chlorohexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol

49
Q

The standard investigation for meningitis is

A

lumbar puncture

50
Q

what is the main cause of encephalitis?

A

viruses

52
Q

What inhibits folate synthesis?

A

Trimethoprim and sulfonamides

53
Q

In what condition should lumbar puncture be discouraged?

A

brain abscesses as it can increase the pressure in the brain

54
Q

What is used to assess the severity of pneumonia?

A

CURB65

55
Q

Mantoux, IGRA and Quantiferon is used to test exposure to what?

A

TB

56
Q

What criteria is used to assess the severity of cystitis and pylonephritis?

A

KASS

57
Q

What is the main method of testing for a H.pylori infection?

A

stool antigen test

58
Q

In liver abscesses, it is important to carry out what test?

A

Hyatid serology

59
Q

What infection requires three sets of blood cultures at different times in the first 24 hours?

A

Endocarditis and vascular graft infections

59
Q

What does the catalase test help to distinguish between?

A

Strep and staph

60
Q

High risk pneumonias should be treated with

A

Co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin

61
Q

What should be used to treat C.difficile?

A

oral metronidazole

62
Q

An upper UTI can be treated with

A

IV Cefuroxime

63
Q

Sepsis requires 2 of the following:

A

Temp >38
HR>90
RR>20
WBC>12

64
Q

How much fluid are needed to manage sepsis?

A

500ml IV saline over 15 mins

65
Q

What should cellulitis be treated with?

A

Flucloxacillin

66
Q

Necrotising fasciitis should be treated with?

A

Meropenem and Clindamycin

67
Q

What can stain the teeth of babies born if used in pregnancy?

A

Tetracycline

CP (12 decks)

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