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CP > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is known as the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior lobe

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2
Q

The effect of primary pituitary tumours are often secondary to …

A

the hormones being produced

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3
Q

Galactorrhea and menstrual disturbances can be caused by which anterior pituitary adenoma?

A

Prolactinoma

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4
Q

Acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children is caused by a…

A

GH secreting adenoma

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5
Q

Cushings can be caused by an adenoma that secretes

A

ACTH

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6
Q

What nerve is located in the trachea-oesophageal groove near the thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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7
Q

Remnants of the thyroid gland are likely to be found where?

A

Foramen caecum un the tongue

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8
Q

Insufficient circulating T3 and T4 can cause

A

Hypothyroidism

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9
Q

The commonest cause of hypothyroidism is

A

Hashimoto’s

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10
Q

Hashimoto’s causes

A

serum thyroid to be elevated

lymphocytic infiltration of thyroid parenchyma

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11
Q

Preorbital myxodema, hair loss, tachycardia and wide eyed stares are signs of what condition?

A

Grave’s disease

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12
Q

In Grave’s T3 and T4 are

A

elevated whilst TSH is suppressed

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13
Q

Most cases of hyperthyroidism are due to

A

Grave’s disease

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14
Q

Patients with multinodal goitre are often

A

euthyroid

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15
Q

What can cooer as a ‘cold’ nodule on a radioactive iodine image

A

Follicular adenoma

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16
Q

Medullary carcinomas arise from

A

C-cells in the thyroid

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17
Q

Orphan annie nuclei’ is seen in histology of what tumour?

A

Papillary carcinoma

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18
Q

What often presents as a solitary nodule in the thyroid?

A

Follicular carcinoma

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19
Q

Hurtle cell carcinomas have a significant incidence of mets in which lymph nodes?

A

Cervical

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20
Q

PTH is secreted from what gland?

A

Parathyroid glands

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21
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is

A

excessive secretion of PTH from a gland

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22
Q

A response to hypocalcaemia results in

A

hyperplasia of glands with elevated PTH (secondary hyperparathyroidism)

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23
Q

parathyroid adenomas are associated with

A

MEN1 and MEN2

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24
Q

what tumour has a 50% 10 year survival

A

parathyroid carcinoma

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25
Q

The adrenal glands are superior to what organ?

A

Kidneys

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26
Q

Aldosterone us secreted by the

A

glomerulosa of the cortex

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27
Q

patients look like ‘lemons on sticks’ in this condition

A

Cushings syndrome

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28
Q

This is accused by primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s syndrome

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29
Q

When glomerular perfusion is reduced, it can cause

A

secondary hyperaldosteronism

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30
Q

Adrenal cortical insufficiency causes

A

Addison’s disease

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31
Q

Addison’s disease presents as the classic triad of

A

hyper-pigmentation, postural hypotension and hyponatraemia

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32
Q

what is a catecholamine secreting tumour that arises from the adrenal medulla?

A

Phaeochromocytoma

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33
Q

What is measured to test thyroid function?

A

T3/T4

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34
Q

Low TSH and low thyroxine suggests

A

secondary hypothyroidism (due to pituitary failure)

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35
Q

Low TSH and high thyroxine suggests

A

primary hyperthyroidism (due to thyroid gland overproduction)

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36
Q

TSH testing can sometimes miss which condition?

A

secondary hypothyroidism

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37
Q

what is sick euthyroid disease?

A

where there are thyroid abnormalities in the critically unwell

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38
Q

What are adrenal medullary tumours in children called?

A

neuroblastoma

39
Q

What does checking plasmametanephrines check for?

A

Phaeochromocytomas

40
Q

What is whipple’s triad?

A

Low plasma glucose level
Signs of hypoglycaemia
Resolution of symptoms once glucose levels rise

41
Q

An insulinoma is an endogenous cause of

A

hypoglycaemia

42
Q

Diagnosis of an insulinoma often involves checking C-peptides, why?

A

C-peptides are not present in exogenous insulin

43
Q

Ectopic ACTH secretions are often associated with

A

small cell tumour of the lung

medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

44
Q

a blood glucose of >11mmol/L suggests

A

hyperglycaemia

45
Q

Fasting glucose of >7mmol/L and HbA1c of 48mmol/mol suggests

A

diabetes

46
Q

What do the delta cells of the islet of Langerhans produce

A

somatostatin

47
Q

In which type of diabetes are patients are patients prone to ketoacidosis

A

Type 1

48
Q

What antibody can be used to test for type 1 diabetes?

A

GAD

49
Q

LADA can often present as

A

type 2 diabetes

50
Q

What group is often affected by the type 2: ketosis prone variant of diabetes?

A

obese ethnic minorities

51
Q

Diabetes can be secondary to disorders of which organ?

A

pancreas

52
Q

What is haemochromatosis?

A

hereditary iron overload storage disorder

53
Q

Use of olanzapine and 10mg or above of predisnolone can induce

A

diabetes

54
Q

Which endocrine disorders can often cause diabetes?

A

acromegaly (increased GH)
cushing’s (increased cortisol)
pheochromocytoma (increased catecholamines)

55
Q

Which genetic syndromes can also cause diabetes?

A

Friedrich’s ataxia

Dystrophia mytoxica

56
Q

MODY has what inheritance pattern?

A

Autosomal dominant

57
Q

What type of collagen is bone made from?

A

Type 1

58
Q

What is a product of mesenchymal stem cells?

A

osteoblasts

59
Q

What is associated with TRAP and RANK-L?

A

osteoclasts

60
Q

What has mechanosensory properties and is star shaped?

A

Osteocytes

61
Q

What hormone can affect bone formation?

A

oestrogen

62
Q

DEXA measure…

A

bone mineral density

63
Q

biochemical markers of bone formation include

A

alkaline phosphatase
P1NP
osteocalcin

64
Q

A biochemical marker of bone resorption is

A

CTX

65
Q

T scores of below -2.5 show

A

osteoporosis

66
Q

FRAX can help to assess…

A

the chance of a fragility fracture occurring

67
Q

What can be given to prevent fractures in osteoporosis?

A

Bisphosphonates

68
Q

Alendronate, Risedronate and Ibandronate are examples of

A

oral bisphosphonates

69
Q

Lytic bone mets usually come from

A

breast, lungs, kidneys and thyroid

70
Q

Osteoblastic bone mets come from

A

prostate

71
Q

Non PTH mediates hypercalcaemia can be caused by

A

sarcoidosis or malignancies

72
Q

CaSR senses what in the serum?

A

Ca levels

73
Q

What are the effects of PTH?

A

increased decomposition of bone
increased Ca absorption
increased reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys

74
Q

low levels of Mg can induce a

A

paradoxical block

75
Q

Ca is high and PTH is inappropriately high in

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

76
Q

Ca is normal and PTH is appropriately high in

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

77
Q

Hypercalcaemia can be medically treated with

A

Calcinet, which activates CaSR

78
Q

What disease can be describes as rapid bone turnover and formation with elevated alkaline phosphatase?

A

Paget’s Disease

79
Q

Paget’s should be monitored by checking

A

P1NP

80
Q

Osteomalacia presents in childhood as

A

rickets

81
Q

To test for Ca, what colour vacuette should be used?

A

Yellow

82
Q

Hydroxyapatite is

A

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

83
Q

Plasma Ca should be between

A

2.2-2.6mmol/L

84
Q

Ca levels are adjusted to account for changes in

A

albumin bound Ca

85
Q

Phosphate is found in the body as HPO4 and H2PO4 in what ratio?

A

4:1

86
Q

Ca homeostasis is controlled by

A

PTH and Vitamin D

87
Q

Where is Vit D converted to its active form?

A

Kidneys

88
Q

Where does the first hydroxylation of D3 occur?

A

Liver

89
Q

what does FGF23, secreted by osteocytes, do?

A

increases renal phosphate excretion

90
Q

What is Chovoslek’s sign?

A

Tetany in the face due to hypocalcaemia

91
Q

What is Trousseau’s sign?

A

Tetany of the wrist and hands due to hypocalcaemia

92
Q

Stones, Bones, Moans and Groans are signs and symptoms of what?

A

Hypercalcaemia

93
Q

respiratory muscle failure can be caused by

A

phosphate deficiency

CP (12 decks)

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