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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is known as the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior lobe

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2
Q

The effect of primary pituitary tumours are often secondary to …

A

the hormones being produced

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3
Q

Galactorrhea and menstrual disturbances can be caused by which anterior pituitary adenoma?

A

Prolactinoma

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4
Q

Acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children is caused by a…

A

GH secreting adenoma

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5
Q

Cushings can be caused by an adenoma that secretes

A

ACTH

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6
Q

What nerve is located in the trachea-oesophageal groove near the thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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7
Q

Remnants of the thyroid gland are likely to be found where?

A

Foramen caecum un the tongue

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8
Q

Insufficient circulating T3 and T4 can cause

A

Hypothyroidism

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9
Q

The commonest cause of hypothyroidism is

A

Hashimoto’s

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10
Q

Hashimoto’s causes

A

serum thyroid to be elevated

lymphocytic infiltration of thyroid parenchyma

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11
Q

Preorbital myxodema, hair loss, tachycardia and wide eyed stares are signs of what condition?

A

Grave’s disease

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12
Q

In Grave’s T3 and T4 are

A

elevated whilst TSH is suppressed

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13
Q

Most cases of hyperthyroidism are due to

A

Grave’s disease

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14
Q

Patients with multinodal goitre are often

A

euthyroid

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15
Q

What can cooer as a ‘cold’ nodule on a radioactive iodine image

A

Follicular adenoma

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16
Q

Medullary carcinomas arise from

A

C-cells in the thyroid

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17
Q

Orphan annie nuclei’ is seen in histology of what tumour?

A

Papillary carcinoma

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18
Q

What often presents as a solitary nodule in the thyroid?

A

Follicular carcinoma

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19
Q

Hurtle cell carcinomas have a significant incidence of mets in which lymph nodes?

A

Cervical

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20
Q

PTH is secreted from what gland?

A

Parathyroid glands

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21
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is

A

excessive secretion of PTH from a gland

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22
Q

A response to hypocalcaemia results in

A

hyperplasia of glands with elevated PTH (secondary hyperparathyroidism)

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23
Q

parathyroid adenomas are associated with

A

MEN1 and MEN2

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24
Q

what tumour has a 50% 10 year survival

A

parathyroid carcinoma

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25
The adrenal glands are superior to what organ?
Kidneys
26
Aldosterone us secreted by the
glomerulosa of the cortex
27
patients look like ‘lemons on sticks’ in this condition
Cushings syndrome
28
This is accused by primary hyperaldosteronism
Conn’s syndrome
29
When glomerular perfusion is reduced, it can cause
secondary hyperaldosteronism
30
Adrenal cortical insufficiency causes
Addison’s disease
31
Addison’s disease presents as the classic triad of
hyper-pigmentation, postural hypotension and hyponatraemia
32
what is a catecholamine secreting tumour that arises from the adrenal medulla?
Phaeochromocytoma
33
What is measured to test thyroid function?
T3/T4
34
Low TSH and low thyroxine suggests
secondary hypothyroidism (due to pituitary failure)
35
Low TSH and high thyroxine suggests
primary hyperthyroidism (due to thyroid gland overproduction)
36
TSH testing can sometimes miss which condition?
secondary hypothyroidism
37
what is sick euthyroid disease?
where there are thyroid abnormalities in the critically unwell
38
What are adrenal medullary tumours in children called?
neuroblastoma
39
What does checking plasmametanephrines check for?
Phaeochromocytomas
40
What is whipple’s triad?
Low plasma glucose level Signs of hypoglycaemia Resolution of symptoms once glucose levels rise
41
An insulinoma is an endogenous cause of
hypoglycaemia
42
Diagnosis of an insulinoma often involves checking C-peptides, why?
C-peptides are not present in exogenous insulin
43
Ectopic ACTH secretions are often associated with
small cell tumour of the lung | medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
44
a blood glucose of >11mmol/L suggests
hyperglycaemia
45
Fasting glucose of >7mmol/L and HbA1c of 48mmol/mol suggests
diabetes
46
What do the delta cells of the islet of Langerhans produce
somatostatin
47
In which type of diabetes are patients are patients prone to ketoacidosis
Type 1
48
What antibody can be used to test for type 1 diabetes?
GAD
49
LADA can often present as
type 2 diabetes
50
What group is often affected by the type 2: ketosis prone variant of diabetes?
obese ethnic minorities
51
Diabetes can be secondary to disorders of which organ?
pancreas
52
What is haemochromatosis?
hereditary iron overload storage disorder
53
Use of olanzapine and 10mg or above of predisnolone can induce
diabetes
54
Which endocrine disorders can often cause diabetes?
acromegaly (increased GH) cushing’s (increased cortisol) pheochromocytoma (increased catecholamines)
55
Which genetic syndromes can also cause diabetes?
Friedrich’s ataxia | Dystrophia mytoxica
56
MODY has what inheritance pattern?
Autosomal dominant
57
What type of collagen is bone made from?
Type 1
58
What is a product of mesenchymal stem cells?
osteoblasts
59
What is associated with TRAP and RANK-L?
osteoclasts
60
What has mechanosensory properties and is star shaped?
Osteocytes
61
What hormone can affect bone formation?
oestrogen
62
DEXA measure…
bone mineral density
63
biochemical markers of bone formation include
alkaline phosphatase P1NP osteocalcin
64
A biochemical marker of bone resorption is
CTX
65
T scores of below -2.5 show
osteoporosis
66
FRAX can help to assess…
the chance of a fragility fracture occurring
67
What can be given to prevent fractures in osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates
68
Alendronate, Risedronate and Ibandronate are examples of
oral bisphosphonates
69
Lytic bone mets usually come from
breast, lungs, kidneys and thyroid
70
Osteoblastic bone mets come from
prostate
71
Non PTH mediates hypercalcaemia can be caused by
sarcoidosis or malignancies
72
CaSR senses what in the serum?
Ca levels
73
What are the effects of PTH?
increased decomposition of bone increased Ca absorption increased reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys
74
low levels of Mg can induce a
paradoxical block
75
Ca is high and PTH is inappropriately high in
primary hyperparathyroidism
76
Ca is normal and PTH is appropriately high in
secondary hyperparathyroidism
77
Hypercalcaemia can be medically treated with
Calcinet, which activates CaSR
78
What disease can be describes as rapid bone turnover and formation with elevated alkaline phosphatase?
Paget’s Disease
79
Paget’s should be monitored by checking
P1NP
80
Osteomalacia presents in childhood as
rickets
81
To test for Ca, what colour vacuette should be used?
Yellow
82
Hydroxyapatite is
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
83
Plasma Ca should be between
2.2-2.6mmol/L
84
Ca levels are adjusted to account for changes in
albumin bound Ca
85
Phosphate is found in the body as HPO4 and H2PO4 in what ratio?
4:1
86
Ca homeostasis is controlled by
PTH and Vitamin D
87
Where is Vit D converted to its active form?
Kidneys
88
Where does the first hydroxylation of D3 occur?
Liver
89
what does FGF23, secreted by osteocytes, do?
increases renal phosphate excretion
90
What is Chovoslek’s sign?
Tetany in the face due to hypocalcaemia
91
What is Trousseau’s sign?
Tetany of the wrist and hands due to hypocalcaemia
92
Stones, Bones, Moans and Groans are signs and symptoms of what?
Hypercalcaemia
93
respiratory muscle failure can be caused by
phosphate deficiency

CP (12 decks)

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