kidney Flashcards
the kidney consits of ?
10-18 renal lobes, which are divided into an outer cortex and an inner medullary pyramid
what are the renal cortex that extend between medullary pyramids?
coloumns of bertini
what are cortical lobules bordered on their sides with?
interlobular arteries which br. from he arcuate arteries and they br. from interlobar arteriers which come from the renal arteries
what is the convoluted part of the cortical lobule?
is where the proximal and distal convoluted tubules fill the cortical region between the interlobular artery and the medullary ray
what envelops the kidney?
fibrous capsule, under which stellate veins of the outer cortex and capsules are seen
what are the major divions of the nephron?
- renal corpuscles
- proximal convoluted tubules
- loop of henle
- distal conoluted tubules
- collecting tubule and duct
- minor calyx
in the renal corpuscles we can observe:
- glomerulus
- bowman’s capsule
- vascular pole
- podocyted (squamous epithelial cells)
- urinary pole
bowman’s capsule:
double walled membranous capsule, has a parietal layer and a visceral layer. the space between the two layers is the urinary space
where is cytoplasmic granules observed?
at the vascular pole, in the tunica media of afferent arteriole, modified smooth muscle cells
the cells of the cytoplasmic granules (name and function)?
juxtaglomerular cells, and the secrete renin
what is the proximal convuluted tubule continuous with ?
urinary pole, lined by cuboidal cells
what features are distinct about the proximal convoluted tubules?
simple, tall, cuboidal cells. contains a prominent apical bursh border composed of long microvilli, strongly eosinophilic, round euchromatic nuclei. strations in the basal cytoplasm correspond to elongated mitochondria
what features are distinct about the loop of henle?
lined by smaller cells than the C.T (convoluted tubules)
information about the thin descending limb?
located in the outer medullary zone, where the thick descending limb narrows
what is charecteristic about the thin limb?
cuboidal epithelium, flattened nuclei, bulging into the lumen, and there is no brush border
the transition of the thin ascending limb to the thick ascending limb shows?
size of the lining cells increase, and the vertical arrangement of mitochondria in the basal part of the cell exhibits basal striations. and has no bursh border
distal convoluted tubule is a continuation of, and is lined by?
thick ascending limb in the cortex which is lined by cuboidal cells that are smaller than the PCT cells and has no brush border, which display totuous course
what and where is the macula densa?
in the region of distal tubules, adjacent to the vascular pole. composed of closely packed taller cells. and is very dark basophilic
what functional unit does the macula densa form?
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
the terminal portion of the distal convoluted tubule enter the?
collecting duct, which is situated in the medullary rays of the cortical lobules.
the renal papilla, and what does it do?
collects the secretory products from the wide papillary duct
what is the largest collecting duct, and what is it lined by?
ducts of bellini, papillary ducts lined by tall coloumnar cells, these cells have pale eosinophilic and are domed shaped on the apical surface.
what opens to the minor calyx?
ducts of bellini, open to it at the tip of the papilla. the opening area is called area cribrosa. lined by coloumnar, cuboidal cells
what covers the calyceal wall?
transitional epithilium
what does the adventitia cover?
covers the longitudinal arranged smooth muscle cells which form a layer that is covered by the connective tissue adventitia
where does the urine enter after the minor calyx?
enters the major clayx which is continued to the funnel pelvis
what is around the calyces?
fatty connective tissue fills the space of the renal sinus, interlobular branches of the renal artery and vein are also embedded into this fatty tissue
why do we use Tri-pas staining in the kidney?
to demonstrate the brush border of proximal tubule cells. and the carbohydrate components of glycocalyx on the surface of the microvilli.
what do the efferent arterioles of the juxtamedulary corpuscles do?
they dip into the medulla along hte loop of henle and break up into bundles of thin walled longituduinal vessels called ARTERIOLE RECTAE
what are the venulae rectae?
are straight veins which make a hairpin turn and run back toward the cortico-medullary junction
what is the vasa recta surrounded by?
descending and ascending segments of henle’s loops
