Key Terms Flashcards
what is march of progress?
refers to how humans have evolved over 25 million years
what is domestic labour?
refers to the different roles and responsibilities that need to be completed within the household
what is intersectionality?
theory that outlines the overlapping discrimination. the factors could be:
gender, race, sexuality, class, disability etc
what is social mobility?
the movement between upper or lower in social class
what is conjugal roles?
couples sharing childcare and housework and both were paid in employment
what is a symmetrical family?
family where the domestic division of labour is equal
what is ideology ( sociology term ) :
set of ideas or beliefs that justify inequality & maintain the capitalist system, persuading people to think it’s fair
what is a consensus?
it’s a general agreement
modernism:
perspective that society has a predictable structure to gain scientific knowledge of how society functions
postmodernism:
perspective that rejects the modernist’s believe and that there is true knowledge.
instead focus on reflecting and celebrating social diversity
Families and Household key terms:
1. Nuclear Family
- A family structure consisting of two parents and their children.
F&H 2. Extended family
A family structure that includes additional relatives like grandparents or aunts/uncles.
F&H 3. Conjugal Roles
The roles played by partners in marriage or cohabitation (e.g., instrumental and expressive roles).
F&H 4. Dual-earner family
A family where both partners work outside the home.
F&H 5. Cohabitation
Living together as a couple without being married.
F&H 6. Same-sex family
A family structure where parents of the same gender live together with children.
F&H 7. Patriarchy
A societal system in which men hold power in families and society.
F&H 8. Matriarchy
A societal system in which women hold power in families and society.
F&H 9. Gender Roles
The social expectations of how individuals should behave based on their gender.
F&H 10. Family diversity
The range of family types found in society, including nuclear, extended, single-parent, and same-sex families.
F&H 11. Divorce
The legal dissolution of a marriage.
F&H 12. Single-parent family
A family structure where one parent raises the children.
F&H 13. Beanpole family
A family structure with few children and multiple generations.
F&H 14. Socialisation
The process by which children learn the norms and values of their society.
F&H 15. Functionalism
A sociological perspective that sees the family as playing an important role in maintaining social stability.
F&H 16. Marxism
A perspective that views the family as serving the interests of capitalism.
F&H 17. Feminism
A perspective that critiques the gender inequalities within families.
Education Keywords: 1. Meritocracy
The belief that success is based on ability and effort, often applied to education.
E 2. Streaming
The practice of grouping students based on their ability or academic performance.
E 3. Labelling
The process of categorising students based on characteristics like ability or behaviour.
E 4. Hidden curriculum
The unspoken lessons learned in school, such as social norms and values.
E 4. Cultural Capital
The knowledge, skills, and education a person possesses, often linked to their social class.
E 5. Material Deprivation
Lack of financial resources affecting a student’s educational achievement.
E 6. Material Deprivation
Lack of financial resources affecting a student’s educational achievement.
E 7. Social Capital
Networks of relationships and social connections that can influence educational success.
E 8. Educational Attainment
The highest level of education an individual achieves.
E 9. Intelligence
A trait often linked to academic success, but which may be influenced by social and cultural factors.
E 10. School Subcultures
Groups of students who develop their own norms and values, sometimes opposing the school’s rules.
E 11. Selection
The process by which schools select students based on various criteria like exam results.
E 12. Pupil Premium
Government funding for schools to help students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
E 13. Educational inequality
Disparities in educational achievement and access to resources, often based on social class, ethnicity, or gender.
E 14. Vocational Educational
Education focused on teaching practical skills for a specific job or industry.
E 15. Privatisation
The process of transferring the control of education from the public sector to private companies.
Research Methods 1. Qualitative research
Research that focuses on understanding social phenomena through non-numerical data (e.g., interviews, observations).
RM 2. Quantitate Research
Research that involves collecting and analysing numerical data, often using surveys or experiments.
RM 3. Primary Data
Data collected directly by the researcher through methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments.
RM 4. Secondary Data
Data that has already been collected by other researchers or institutions (e.g., official statistics, historical documents).
RM 5. Reliability
The consistency of a research method or results over time; if repeated, the same results should be obtained.
RM 6. Validity
The accuracy of a research method or how well it measures what it is intended to measure.
RM 7. Sampling
The process of selecting individuals or groups to represent a larger population in a study.
RM 8. Random Sampling
A sampling method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
RM 9. Stratified Sampling
A sampling method that divides the population into subgroups (strata) and selects from each subgroup.
RM 10. Snowball Sampling
A non-random sampling method where existing participants recruit others, often used in hard-to-reach populations.
RM 11. Questionnaire
A research tool that collects data through a series of written questions, either open or closed-ended.
RM 12. Interview
A method where a researcher asks questions to gather in-depth, qualitative data from participants.
RM 13. Structured Interview
A type of interview with a fixed set of questions and standardised procedures.
RM 14. Unstructured interview
A more flexible interview format where questions may change based on the conversation.
RM 15. Participant observation
A research method where the researcher becomes involved in the group or activity being studied to observe and record behaviour.
RM 16. Non-Participant observation
A research method where the researcher observes the group or activity without being involved in it.
RM 17. Case Study
An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event.
RM 18. Hypothesis
An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event.
RM 19. Ethnography
A research method that involves the researcher immersing themselves in a group or community to understand their culture and behaviour.
RM 20. Operationalisation
The process of defining variables in a way that makes them measurable and testable.
RM 21. Interviews (structured/unstructured/semi-structured)
Different types of interviews used to collect qualitative data.
RM 22. Field Experiment
An experiment conducted in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates variables but doesn’t control all conditions.
RM 23. Lab Experiment
An experiment conducted in a controlled environment where the researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect.
RM 24. Correlation
A statistical relationship between two or more variables, showing whether they move together, but not necessarily cause each other.
RM 25. Ethical Considerations
Issues regarding the moral aspects of conducting research, such as informed consent, confidentiality, and avoiding harm.
RM 26. Informed Consent
Ensuring participants understand the research and voluntarily agree to participate.
RM 27. Deception
When researchers withhold or mislead participants about certain aspects of the research.
RM 28. Confidentiality
Ensuring that participants’ identities and data are kept secure and private.
RM 29. Interobserver reliability
The degree to which different researchers agree on their observations in a study.
RM 30. Sampling Frame
A list of individuals or units from which a sample is drawn in research.
