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sociology > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

what is march of progress?

A

refers to how humans have evolved over 25 million years

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2
Q

what is domestic labour?

A

refers to the different roles and responsibilities that need to be completed within the household

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3
Q

what is intersectionality?

A

theory that outlines the overlapping discrimination. the factors could be:
gender, race, sexuality, class, disability etc

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4
Q

what is social mobility?

A

the movement between upper or lower in social class

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5
Q

what is conjugal roles?

A

couples sharing childcare and housework and both were paid in employment

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6
Q

what is a symmetrical family?

A

family where the domestic division of labour is equal

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7
Q

what is ideology ( sociology term ) :

A

set of ideas or beliefs that justify inequality & maintain the capitalist system, persuading people to think it’s fair

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8
Q

what is a consensus?

A

it’s a general agreement

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9
Q

modernism:

A

perspective that society has a predictable structure to gain scientific knowledge of how society functions

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10
Q

postmodernism:

A

perspective that rejects the modernist’s believe and that there is true knowledge.
instead focus on reflecting and celebrating social diversity

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11
Q

Families and Household key terms:
1. Nuclear Family

A
  • A family structure consisting of two parents and their children.
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12
Q

F&H 2. Extended family

A

A family structure that includes additional relatives like grandparents or aunts/uncles.

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13
Q

F&H 3. Conjugal Roles

A

The roles played by partners in marriage or cohabitation (e.g., instrumental and expressive roles).

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14
Q

F&H 4. Dual-earner family

A

A family where both partners work outside the home.

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15
Q

F&H 5. Cohabitation

A

Living together as a couple without being married.

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16
Q

F&H 6. Same-sex family

A

A family structure where parents of the same gender live together with children.

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17
Q

F&H 7. Patriarchy

A

A societal system in which men hold power in families and society.

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18
Q

F&H 8. Matriarchy

A

A societal system in which women hold power in families and society.

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19
Q

F&H 9. Gender Roles

A

The social expectations of how individuals should behave based on their gender.

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20
Q

F&H 10. Family diversity

A

The range of family types found in society, including nuclear, extended, single-parent, and same-sex families.

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21
Q

F&H 11. Divorce

A

The legal dissolution of a marriage.

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22
Q

F&H 12. Single-parent family

A

A family structure where one parent raises the children.

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23
Q

F&H 13. Beanpole family

A

A family structure with few children and multiple generations.

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24
Q

F&H 14. Socialisation

A

The process by which children learn the norms and values of their society.

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25
Q

F&H 15. Functionalism

A

A sociological perspective that sees the family as playing an important role in maintaining social stability.

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26
Q

F&H 16. Marxism

A

A perspective that views the family as serving the interests of capitalism.

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27
Q

F&H 17. Feminism

A

A perspective that critiques the gender inequalities within families.

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28
Q

Education Keywords: 1. Meritocracy

A

The belief that success is based on ability and effort, often applied to education.

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29
Q

E 2. Streaming

A

The practice of grouping students based on their ability or academic performance.

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30
Q

E 3. Labelling

A

The process of categorising students based on characteristics like ability or behaviour.

31
Q

E 4. Hidden curriculum

A

The unspoken lessons learned in school, such as social norms and values.

32
Q

E 4. Cultural Capital

A

The knowledge, skills, and education a person possesses, often linked to their social class.

33
Q

E 5. Material Deprivation

A

Lack of financial resources affecting a student’s educational achievement.

34
Q

E 6. Material Deprivation

A

Lack of financial resources affecting a student’s educational achievement.

35
Q

E 7. Social Capital

A

Networks of relationships and social connections that can influence educational success.

36
Q

E 8. Educational Attainment

A

The highest level of education an individual achieves.

37
Q

E 9. Intelligence

A

A trait often linked to academic success, but which may be influenced by social and cultural factors.

38
Q

E 10. School Subcultures

A

Groups of students who develop their own norms and values, sometimes opposing the school’s rules.

39
Q

E 11. Selection

A

The process by which schools select students based on various criteria like exam results.

40
Q

E 12. Pupil Premium

A

Government funding for schools to help students from disadvantaged backgrounds.

41
Q

E 13. Educational inequality

A

Disparities in educational achievement and access to resources, often based on social class, ethnicity, or gender.

42
Q

E 14. Vocational Educational

A

Education focused on teaching practical skills for a specific job or industry.

43
Q

E 15. Privatisation

A

The process of transferring the control of education from the public sector to private companies.

44
Q

Research Methods 1. Qualitative research

A

Research that focuses on understanding social phenomena through non-numerical data (e.g., interviews, observations).

45
Q

RM 2. Quantitate Research

A

Research that involves collecting and analysing numerical data, often using surveys or experiments.

46
Q

RM 3. Primary Data

A

Data collected directly by the researcher through methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments.

47
Q

RM 4. Secondary Data

A

Data that has already been collected by other researchers or institutions (e.g., official statistics, historical documents).

48
Q

RM 5. Reliability

A

The consistency of a research method or results over time; if repeated, the same results should be obtained.

49
Q

RM 6. Validity

A

The accuracy of a research method or how well it measures what it is intended to measure.

50
Q

RM 7. Sampling

A

The process of selecting individuals or groups to represent a larger population in a study.

51
Q

RM 8. Random Sampling

A

A sampling method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

52
Q

RM 9. Stratified Sampling

A

A sampling method that divides the population into subgroups (strata) and selects from each subgroup.

53
Q

RM 10. Snowball Sampling

A

A non-random sampling method where existing participants recruit others, often used in hard-to-reach populations.

54
Q

RM 11. Questionnaire

A

A research tool that collects data through a series of written questions, either open or closed-ended.

55
Q

RM 12. Interview

A

A method where a researcher asks questions to gather in-depth, qualitative data from participants.

56
Q

RM 13. Structured Interview

A

A type of interview with a fixed set of questions and standardised procedures.

57
Q

RM 14. Unstructured interview

A

A more flexible interview format where questions may change based on the conversation.

58
Q

RM 15. Participant observation

A

A research method where the researcher becomes involved in the group or activity being studied to observe and record behaviour.

59
Q

RM 16. Non-Participant observation

A

A research method where the researcher observes the group or activity without being involved in it.

60
Q

RM 17. Case Study

A

An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event.

61
Q

RM 18. Hypothesis

A

An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event.

62
Q

RM 19. Ethnography

A

A research method that involves the researcher immersing themselves in a group or community to understand their culture and behaviour.

63
Q

RM 20. Operationalisation

A

The process of defining variables in a way that makes them measurable and testable.

64
Q

RM 21. Interviews (structured/unstructured/semi-structured)

A

Different types of interviews used to collect qualitative data.

65
Q

RM 22. Field Experiment

A

An experiment conducted in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates variables but doesn’t control all conditions.

66
Q

RM 23. Lab Experiment

A

An experiment conducted in a controlled environment where the researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect.

67
Q

RM 24. Correlation

A

A statistical relationship between two or more variables, showing whether they move together, but not necessarily cause each other.

68
Q

RM 25. Ethical Considerations

A

Issues regarding the moral aspects of conducting research, such as informed consent, confidentiality, and avoiding harm.

69
Q

RM 26. Informed Consent

A

Ensuring participants understand the research and voluntarily agree to participate.

70
Q

RM 27. Deception

A

When researchers withhold or mislead participants about certain aspects of the research.

71
Q

RM 28. Confidentiality

A

Ensuring that participants’ identities and data are kept secure and private.

72
Q

RM 29. Interobserver reliability

A

The degree to which different researchers agree on their observations in a study.

73
Q

RM 30. Sampling Frame

A

A list of individuals or units from which a sample is drawn in research.

sociology (20 decks)

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