Dermography: Flashcards
what is dermography?
it’s the measurement of the population in size and growth of birth and death rates
the 4 factors that affect population size:
- births
- deaths
- ageing population
- migration
what are the 4 affects of birth rates:
- change in women’s position
- decline in infant mortality rate
- children being an economic liability
- increase in child centeredness
factors affecting population increase:
births and immigration
factors affecting population decrease:
deaths and emigration
reasons for the decline in birth rates: since (1900):
- social
- economical
- cultural
- legal
- political and technological factors
reasons for the decline in death rates:
- improved nutrition
- medical improvement
- smoking and diet
- public health measures
the 3 factors of the ageing population:
- increase in life expectancy
- decline infant mortality rate
- declining fertility
net migration:
immigration and emigration
infant mortality rate:
number of infants who die before their first birthday
2 most important trends of birth rate:
- most women are remaining childless
- women are having children later, average age = 30
dependency ratio:
- taxing the working population’s earnings to support the dependent population increases dependency
globalisation:
the world is interconnected by trade and cultural exchange
3 main aspects of ageism, modernity and postmodernism:
- old age in modern society
- old age in postmodernism
- inequalities amongst the old
legal implications of an ageing population:
Hirsch: (2005)
- we need new policies to finance a longer old age e.g paying more taxes or by increasing retirement age
3 basic explanations of attitudes towards immigration:
- contract theory
- group conflict theory
- economic competition theories
4 reasons why people migrate:
- permanent settlers
- temporary workers
- spouses
- forced migrants
differentiation: Robin Cohen (2006) three types of migrants
- citizens: full citizenship rights e.g voting rights
- denizens: privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
- helots: most exploited group, disposable units of labour power
Feminisation of migration:
one in every five domestic workers is an international workers
4 reasons to what caused this? (feminisation migration)
- expansion of service occupation
- western women have joined labour force
- western men remained unwilling to perform domestic labour
- the failure of the state to provide adequate childcare
continuation: (feminisation migration) Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003)
observes that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries is increasingly done by women from poorer countries
factors suggesting that the ageing population will increase costs:
- the annual costs of health and social care are significantly greater for older people (burden of dependency)
- hospital admissions for older people has increased more rapidly
- formal care
- care needs expected to rise to 60% in the next 20yrs
life expectancy:
- Descombe (1997) states that Uk in 5th century : 33yrs men & 27yrs for women (2005) 76yrs men & 81 women
- improvement: establishment of welfare
- have access to free healthcare, damp free houses and help with financial needs
- development in public service and medicine : people live longer
infant mortality rate:
- 1930 = 60%
- 2006 = 5% per every 1000 births
- introduction to midwifery services in the 20th century = better chances of survival
- antenatal care and post-natal care improves infant mortality rate
fertility rate:
- expensive to raise children
- 1934 = 2.5%
- 2009 = 1.9%
- marriage at a later date
- increased availability of effective contraception
assimilation:
- first state policy approach to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, norms and values of the host culture
multiculturalism:
- accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity
- shallow diversity
- deep diversity
a divided working class:
- assimilation ideas encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems e.g unemployment = racial scapegoat
- Castles and Kosack (1973): this benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class, preventing united action in defence to their interests
factors suggesting ageing population will increase costs:
- annual cost of health and social care (burden of dependency)
- hospital admissions
- care needs
