Crime and Deviance P3 Flashcards
What is Durkheim’s view on punishment?
Punishment reinforces collective conscience and social solidarity by responding to crimes that threaten societal values.
Strength: Explains how punishment helps maintain social order.
Weakness: Ignores the role of inequality in punishment and fails to address how punishment may disproportionately affect certain groups.
What does Foucault say about punishment?
Modern punishment has shifted from physical punishment to surveillance and control, exemplified by the concept of the panopticon.
Strength: Highlights how surveillance creates self-discipline.
Weakness: Overfocuses on power dynamics and neglects justice or rehabilitation.
What is the Marxist view on punishment?
Punishment serves the interests of the capitalist elite, maintaining control over the working class.
Strength: Critiques the way punishment protects capitalist structures.
Weakness: Overemphasises economic factors, overlooking non-economic causes of crime.
What is the Right Realist view on punishment?
Emphasises harsh penalties, deterrence, and “zero tolerance” policies to reduce crime.
Strength: Focuses on practical ways to reduce crime.
Weakness: Ignores root causes of crime, such as poverty and inequality.
What is Hirschi’s Social Control Theory?
Crime occurs when individuals lack strong bonds to society, such as attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Strength: Explains why most people conform to laws.
Weakness: Ignores structural causes of crime, such as poverty or systemic inequality.
What is Foucault’s theory of social control?
Modern social control operates through surveillance and disciplinary power, rather than physical punishment.
Strength: Demonstrates how control is embedded in everyday life through institutions.
Weakness: Can be overly deterministic and overlooks the role of individual resistance.
What is Stanley Cohen’s concept of deviancy amplification?
Media and authorities exaggerate deviance, leading to more social control and further deviance.
Strength: Highlights the role of media in shaping public perceptions of crime.
Weakness: Doesn’t provide clear solutions for breaking the cycle of deviance amplification.
What is Left Realism’s approach to control?
Focuses on community-based strategies like restorative justice to prevent crime and address underlying social inequality.
Strength: A more humane approach focusing on prevention and rehabilitation.
Weakness: May not be effective for serious offenders or large-scale crimes.
What is positivist victimology, according to Miers?
It looks at patterns of victimisation and seeks to identify why certain individuals are more likely to be victims.
Strength: Useful for identifying patterns of crime and prevention strategies.
Weakness: Can risk victim-blaming, focusing too much on individual behaviour.
Social Community Crime Prevention (SCCP) and Perry Pre-School Project:
Social Crime Prevention tackles the root causes of crime (e.g., poverty, education) to reduce criminal behaviour.
* Community Crime Prevention encourages local communities to work together to prevent crime through collective action. * Perry Preschool Project: An early intervention program providing preschool education to disadvantaged children, leading to lower crime rates and better outcomes. * Perry Project’s Role: Reduces crime by addressing social inequality and promoting early education. (1960s Michigan)
Clark’s Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) Model:
• SCP focuses on reducing crime by changing environments (e.g., increasing effort, risks, and surveillance).
• SCP Strategies: Make crimes harder to commit, increase detection, reduce rewards, and remove excuses. • Evaluation: Effective for opportunistic crimes but may cause crime displacement, be costly, or affect vulnerable groups. • SCP + Social Prevention: Combining environmental changes (SCP) with social interventions (e.g., education) creates a comprehensive crime prevention approach.
What are the main features of Clarke’s situational crime prevention measures?
A: Clarke identifies three key features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention:
1. They are directed at specific crimes.
2. They involve managing or altering the immediate environment of the crime.
3. They aim at increasing the effort and risk of committing crime and reducing the reward.
5 types of SCP:
What is Spatial displacement in crime prevention?
A: Spatial displacement occurs when crime shifts from one geographical location to another. After crime prevention measures are introduced in one area, offenders may move their activities to a different, less secure area.
Q: What is Temporal displacement in crime prevention?
A: Temporal displacement happens when criminals change the time they commit crimes. For instance, after measures are introduced to prevent crimes during the day, criminals may switch to committing crimes at night.
Q: What is Target displacement in crime prevention?
A: Target displacement occurs when criminals change the type of target they focus on. For example, after security measures are put in place to protect cars, offenders may shift their focus to other targets, such as bicycles or home burglaries.
Q: What is Tactical displacement in crime prevention?
A: Tactical displacement happens when offenders adjust their methods of committing crimes. For example, criminals might switch from committing physical theft to using technology (e.g., online fraud) after security measures increase in the physical realm.
Q: What is Functional displacement in crime prevention?
A: Functional displacement refers to a change in the type of crime committed. If prevention measures reduce one type of crime (e.g., burglary), criminals may shift to committing other crimes, such as fraud or drug-related offences, to achieve similar rewards.
What is Hans von Hentig’s view on victims?
Some victims may contribute to their own victimisation through their actions (victim precipitation).
Strength: Offers a dynamic view of the relationship between offenders and victims.
Weakness: Risk of victim-blaming, especially in cases like sexual assault.
What do feminists say about victimisation?
Patriarchal societies create conditions that increase the victimisation of women, particularly in cases of domestic violence and sexual assault.
Strength: Highlights gendered power dynamics in victimisation.
Weakness: May overlook male victims or broader structural factors beyond gender.
