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Psychology > Key Q - Social > Flashcards

Key Q - Social Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Terrorism?

A

The use or threat of action to influence the government or intimidate the public for a potential or religious cause

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2
Q

What are the Most Common Types of Terrorism?

A
  • Bombings
  • Hostage taking
  • Hi-jacking
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3
Q

Why is Terrorism an Important Topic in Today’s Society?

A
  • According to the MI5 - threat from terrorism has increased significantly from the 1960s
  • Terrorism affects our public safety, our quality, enjoyment of life + economics of our country
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4
Q

Does more recent research argue that terrorism occurs because of a persons personality or is it due to situational factors?

A
  • The causes of terrorism are not rooted in the individual, but in the wider situation in which terrorists live + act
  • There are many environmental factors which affect someone - due to their childhood + what they’ve experienced in life
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5
Q

In the 1960s what was believed about terrorists?

A
  • They had a disposition as a psychopath or had some psychological abnormality
  • So, it’s part of a persons personality that may influence whether they become a terrorist or not
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6
Q

What are Examples of Terrorism?

A
  • Attacks on the World Trade Centres in USA in September 2001 - 9/11
  • London bombings in July 2005 - 7/7 bombings
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7
Q

What is the Social Identity Theory by Tajfel?

A
  • Looks at group membership to explain prejudice
  • Have in-groups and out-groups
  • Being in a group is enough to cause conflict with other groups
  • There are 3 processes involved to be prejudiced: social categorisation, social identification, social comparison
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8
Q

What are In-groups?

A

Any group which a person has membership

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9
Q

What are Out-groups?

A

Any group which a person doesn’t have membership

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10
Q

What is Social Categorisation?

A

Categorise ourselves + others as part of a group

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11
Q

What is Social Identification?

A

People take on norms of their group

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12
Q

What is Social Comparison?

A

Self-esteem bound up with group membership - done by in group favouritism and out group bias

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13
Q

What is the Realistic Conflict Theory by Sheriff?

A
  • Prejudice is the result of conflict between two groups
  • Conflict arises due to competition between groups
  • When 2 different social groups compete for the same valued resource they start to become hostile towards each other
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14
Q

How do you Reduce Hostility Between Groups according to the Realistic Conflict Theory by Sherif?

A

They need to work towards shared goals - superordinate goals

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15
Q

What is Milgrim is Agentic State of Obedience?

A
  • Allows someone else to direct their behaviour
  • Assume other person is responsible for the consequences of their behaviour
  • Act against their own moral code
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16
Q

Where does the Existence of the Agentic State come from according to Milgrams Agentic State of Obedience?

A
  • Explain through evolution - survival strategy - following leaders increases the chance of survival
  • Learned in childhood from school and reinforcing an adulthood from legal system
17
Q

How was Prejudice Reduced in Roberts Cave Study by Sherif?

A
  • Superordinate goals by taking part in joint problem-solving activities
  • 2 groups work together to free a truck stuck in the mud
  • 2 groups work together to remove the water blockage
18
Q

How does Social Identity Theory Explain Terrorism?

A
  • Terrorists believe they’re the in-group + the anti-terrorists are the out-group
  • Identifying w/ 1 group involves developing group norms (dressing in a certain way, developing common beliefs, etc)
  • In-group favouritism boosts their self esteem + leads to discrimination against out-groups
19
Q

How does Realistic Conflict Theory Explain Terrorism?

A
  • There’s conflict between terrorists + anti-terrorist groups due to competition
  • This could be a form of social or political - could lead to discrimination
20
Q

How does Milgram’s Agentic State of Obedience Explain Terrorism?

A
  • Terrorists may be following orders from a leader in authority who make them obey
  • So, they’re in the agentic state as they’re obeying an authority figure
  • They believe the responsibility for their actions lay with someone else
21
Q

What was the research done by Deutsch + Collins (1951) for Social Identity Theory?

A
  • They looked at mixing different races
  • Found: white households held black housewives in higher regard than segregated housewives, who held stereotypes of blacks being dangerous + inferior
22
Q

What does Deutsch + Collins (1951) research about Social Identity Theory tell us about Reducing Terrorism?

A
  • Reduce out-group bias by - mix the different terrorist groups + anti terrorist groups to be able to reduce terrorism
  • Would result in a better understanding of their out-group
  • Don’t have segregated schools
  • Don’t have segregated communities
23
Q

What did Aronson et al (1978) argue helped Reduce Prejudice using Realistic Conflict Theory?

A
  • Removal of competition in classroom + working towards a shared goal to reduce conflict
  • Using jigsaw technique - group of students work together to ensure success of a class project
24
Q

What does Aronson (1978) research about Realistic Conflict Theory tell us about Reducing Terrorism?

A
  • Get 2 sides (terrorist + anti terrorist) to work towards a shared goal - superordinate goal
  • Get communities working on making a communal grounds
  • Aronson showed that removal of competition reduces conflict - Male each group understand each other + make them equally as powerful
  • In school encourage different cultures to work towards a shared goal
25
Q

What is a Strength of Social Identity Theory in Explaining Terrorism?

A
  • Show how people identify with their group and start seeing in- group as better than out-group in order to maintain own self esteem
  • Tajfel (1970) - produced a lab experiment that showed boys favourite their in group and would actively discriminate against the out-group
26
Q

What is a Weakness of Social Identity Theory in Explaining Terrorism?

A
  • Tajfels results can’t be generalised beyond young boys in a lab setting
  • The sample of Tajfels study was 14-15 year old Bristol schoolboys
  • So, can’t be applied to complex factors involved in terrorist activities
27
Q

What is a Strength of Milgram’s Agency Theory in Explaining Terrorism?

A
  • Explains people obey authority figures + can commit atrocious acts on other humans
  • Suggests the terrorist goes into an Agentic state - don’t act from their own free will but place responsibility on the authority figure
  • Milgram (1963) showed that 65% of Ps would administer electric shocks to another person under the orders of an authority figure
28
Q

What is a Weakness of Milgram’s Agency Theory in Explaining Terrorism?

A
  • Milgrams studies lacked ecological validity
  • They were lab experiments at Yale university
  • The results wouldn’t apply to people in the real life with many other factors acting on them
29
Q

What is a Strength of Realistic Conflict Theory in Explaining Terrorism?

A
  • Shows that there needs to be competition for conflict arise between between 2 groups
  • When 2 different social groups compete for the same resource they become hostile towards each other
  • Evidence from Sheriff Robbers cave experiment
30
Q

What is a Weakness of Realistic Conflict Theory in Explaining Terrorism?

A
  • The theory ignores individual differences - doesn’t explain why some boys in Sherifs study displayed more prejudiced
  • Can’t apply to why some terrorist do bigger attacks than others, etc

Psychology (14 decks)

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