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Psychology > Key Q - Cognitive > Flashcards

Key Q - Cognitive Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Dementia?

A

Chronic/persistent disorder of mental processes caused by brain disease or injury marked by memory disorders, personality changes + impaired reasoning

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2
Q

What are the Different Types of Dementa?

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Vascular dementia
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Mixed dementia
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3
Q

What is Mixed Dementia?

A

Combination of a number of different types of dementia

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4
Q

What is Frontotemporal Dementia?

A

Predominantly affects personality - can include psychosis + OCD

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5
Q

What is Vascular Dementia?

A

Result of small strokes degeneration of blood vessels + therefore oxygen to parts of brain

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6
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  • Affects LTM, increased confusion, language + spatial problems, lacks insight to situation
  • Inability to recall recent events, general forgetfulness characterised by losing things, poor organisational skills, poor decision
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7
Q

What are Symptoms of Dementia?

A
  • Loss of memory
  • Confusion
  • Other cognitive deficits
  • Depression
  • Mood swings
  • Exhaustion
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8
Q

Why is Dementia an Important Issue in Society?

A
  • Dementia affects many people - affects 850,000 people in UK
  • One of the major causes of disability + dependancy among older people
  • Dementia costs the NHS £23 billion per year
  • Dementia causes psychological + economic harm for the people who have it + their carers
  • Physical, emotional + financial pressures arise
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9
Q

How to apply Episodic Memory to Help Patients with Dementia?

A
  • Patients don’t lose all memories
  • Lose memories of events from in their past
  • Tulvings ideas about episodic LTM apply to this
  • Patients keep memories from their youth right to the end
  • So, to help some practitioners advocate listening to the dementia patients memories + don’t distress by contradicting
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10
Q

How to Apply Semantic Memory to Help Patients with Dementia?

A
  • Semantic memory seems to be lost separately
  • Schmolck study into semantic LTM applies to this - they found semantic LTM is stored in a different part of the brain
  • Steyvers + Hemmer shown the importance of prior knowledge when trying to recall events - damage to semantic memory can cause failure in the effect of prior knowledge
  • So, it would help to give the patient some prior knowledge, through displaying or explaining something
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11
Q

How to Apply Multi-Store Memory Model to Help Patients with Dementia?

A
  • Patients may forget what they’ve been told - If info hasn’t encoded properly or if they have a problem w/ retrieval from STM to LTM
  • Which would explain why they say things that don’t make sense
  • Successful method - employ more specific questioning rather than general questioning - give person time to rehearse the info one bit at a time - photographs/notes can help replace STM
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12
Q

How to Apply Working Memory Model to Help Patients with Dementia?

A
  • Multi-tasking should be avoided as difficult for people with dementia
  • Competition between central executive, phonological loop + visuospatial sketch pad should be avoided as it explain confusion + problems when thinking/reasoning
  • So, to help you can reduce background noise when trying to concentrate on another task + only 1 person talking at a time
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13
Q

How to Apply Reconstructive Memory to Help Patients with Dementia?

A
  • Patients w/ dementia may be using mixed schemas or struggling to retrieve the correct schema
  • So, to help you could play patients old songs, play childhood games, visit familiar looking places, describe cues to help patient recall the correct schema
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14
Q

What is Cognitive Stimulation?

A
  • Focus on early memories from childhood + young adulthood
  • Most patients can access these episodic memories as it fades slower
  • Semantic Melody can help link episodic memories together
  • Enabling patients time retrieve more and more details from LTM
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15
Q

How is cognitive psychology research into memory for people with dementia useful for society?

A
  • It explains how people with dementia can be helped
  • It explains how the memory is made up of different components
  • But, you need to take a holistic view - taking social + biological aspects in to account to develop effective treatment plans
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16
Q

What is the Baddeley et al (2001) study which provides evidence for memory models explanation of dementia?

A

Found:
•Marked impairment in the capacity of Alzheimer’s disease patients to combine performance on 2 simultaneous tasks compared to performance of healthy elderly group
•Shows - how the central executive in WMM is affected by dementia

17
Q

What is the Steyvers + Hemmer (2012) study which provides evidence for memory models explanation of dementia?

A
  • Investigate interaction between episodic + prior knowledge in a natural environment
  • Found - prior knowledge from semantic memory contribute to recall in episodic tasks
  • Study high in ecological validity
  • Shows how giving patients prior knowledge can help them access episodic memories
18
Q

What is the Schmolck et al (2002) study which provides evidence for memory models explanation of dementia?

A
  • Studied brain damaged patients
  • Conclude - semantic patients whose impairment is restricted to the anterolateral temporal cortex is consistent with a loss of semantic knowledge
  • Found - semantic LTM is storer in different part of brain from episodic memory
  • But, his cases lack generalisability as they are case studies which are rare + small
19
Q

How do Tulvings ideas of episodic + semantic LTM apply to Hogeway nursing home?

A
  • Recent episodic memory is lost
  • So, patients find their present situation distressing
  • Staff don’t contradict resistentes
20
Q

Why is Validation Therapy considered Controversial?

A
  • Critics say that psychologists have an ethical duty not to deceive people
  • Hogeway is a giant deception designed to put dementia sufferers at ease
21
Q

How can Reconstructive Memory be Applied to the Dementia Village at Hogeway?

A
  • Different parts of the village = different set of schemas
  • Patient who grew up wealthy - has schemas as the high class part of Hogeway - find it easier to remember things like episodes/procedures - more active
  • This in contrast to normal hospitals - that are strange places for most people
22
Q

What is the Dementia village?

A
  • De Hogeweyk operated by a nursing home Hogeway
  • In Netherlands
  • Care for elders w/ dementia
23
Q

What is the Benefit of using all day Reminiscence Therapy ay Hogeway, Compared to Traditional Nursing Homes?

A
  • Patients are more active
  • Patients require less medication
  • Patients hace 24-hour care
24
Q

What is Providence Mount St Vincent Residential Home?

A
  • Residential home for 400 patients
  • In Seattle, USA
  • Attempts to use holistic ways of helping people w/ dementia
  • Offers number of therapies which are founded in cognitive psychology
25
Q

How can Reconstructive Memory be Applied to Cognitive Stimulation Therapy?

A
  • If memories are reconstructed using schemas, anything that reinstates schemas will hrlp memory
  • The kindergarten at the Mount residential home - reminds sufferers about when they had children/when they were kids - activating schemas
26
Q

How does Cognitive Stimultion Therapy Help Patients with Dementia Stimulate the Mind?

A
  • Patients are together - they discuss, play games, do puzzles
  • Activities are linked to memories - e.g. looking at old photos
27
Q

Who does Cognitive Stimulation Work Best For?

A

For patients in the mild to moderate stages of dementia

28
Q

What can Cognitive Stimulation Do?

A

Can slow down the progress of the disease + reduce stress and loneliness

29
Q

What is your Key Question for Cognitive Psychology?

A

How can psychologists understanding of memory help patients with dementia?

30
Q

What is the most common type of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Psychology (14 decks)

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