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Psychology > Key Q - Biological > Flashcards

Key Q - Biological Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Key question?

A

Can the use of animals in psychological research be justified?

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2
Q

Why is the issue relevant to today’s society?

A
  • Society wants it scientists to be ethical which is done by reduction, refinement and replacement
  • Ethical considerations of using animals are important to society
  • Credibility of psychology is at stake
  • There are high costs to animals
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3
Q

What did Kilkenny (2009) find about the use of animals in animal research which means the Credibility of Psychologists are at Stake?

A

271 US and UK studies found that only 59% of the studies mentioned the number of animals they had used

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4
Q

How are Rats Different to Humans?

A
  • Different genetic structure

* Different balance in senses so perceive the world differently - e.g. sense of smell is better than humans

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5
Q

How are Rats and Humans Similar?

A

Brain structure + neurotransmitters are similar

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6
Q

How are Humans Different to Rats?

A
  • Behaviour more complex
  • Different motivations - e.g. may wish to please the researcher
  • Superior cognitive abilities including self awareness
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7
Q

What are the 3 Main Arguments Against using Animals?

A
  • Not generalisable to humans
  • Alternatives to animal research are improving w/ technology
  • It’s argued that the environment + stress animals endure in the labs can affect their behaviour
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8
Q

How is Alternatives to Animal Research are Improving with Technology a reason Against using Animals?

A
  • Computer models + virtual reality can be used instead
  • It’s a better way of isolating + controlling variables
  • So, use of animals in some research is redundant in the future
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9
Q

How is the Environment + Stress Animals endure in the labs a reason Against using Animals?

A
  • It affects their behaviour
  • So, results obtained arent a good rejection of the animals natural behaviours
  • So, results from lab experiments with animals are meaningless
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10
Q

What is Human Behaviour Influenced by?

A
  • Complex emotions
  • Cognitions
  • Social interactions
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11
Q

What did Ferrari (2003) study which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

Link between neurotransmitters + aggression in rats

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12
Q

What was Ferrari’s (2003) Procedure in his Study which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A
  • Rays fought for 10 days - this was done by introducing an ‘intruder rat’ into test rats cage
  • 11th day - no intruder rat was introduced
  • Researcher mesures the levels of serotonin + dopamine in the test rats brain
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13
Q

What was Ferrari’s (2003) Conclusion in his Study which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A
  • The test rats serotonin levels decreased

* As, they were anticipating a fight

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14
Q

What was the Problem with Generalising the Results to Humans of Ferrari’s (2003) Study which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A
  • Humans have more complex social + cognitive functioning than rats
  • If you replicated the study with male humans - they wouldn’t fight as they would think more clearly about the situation + work out the best cause of actions
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15
Q

Why is Generalisability used as an Argument Against using Animals?

A

Animals aren’t similar enough to humans to ensure that research results allow valid generalisations to humans

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16
Q

What are the 3 main Arguments for Using Animals?

A
  • Animals used in psychological research have shorter lifespans than humans
  • Use of animals allows better science
  • Humans + animals have enough similarities in their physiology + evolutionary past in common to justify conclusions drawn from animals being generalised to humans
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17
Q

Why is Animals having a Shorter Lifespan than Humans an Argument for using Animals?

A

Developmental processes are easier to observe

18
Q

Why are Humans + Animals having enough Similarities in there Physiology + Evolutionary Past to be Generalisibale an Argument for using Animals?

A
  • Humans have evolved from animals
  • Humans are just more complex animals
  • So, it makes sense to study more simple organism first + then generalise the results to humans
19
Q

Why is the use of Animals allowing Better Science an Argument for using Animals?

A
  • They are good participants
  • Highly reliable - standardised lab experiment-easy to replicate
  • They are more controllable than humans
  • Research is more empirical
  • Controlled, reliable, empirical experiments are characteristics of good scientific research
  • This kind of research can lead to important practical applications
20
Q

How are Animals good Participants which Supports the use of Animals allowing Better Science which is an Argument for using Animals?

A
  • They don’t understand the purpose of the experiment

* E.g. the effects of demand characteristics are low compared to research w/ humans

21
Q

How are Animals more Controllable than Humans which Supports the use of Animals allowing Better Science which is an Argument for using Animals?

A
  • Research w/ animals uses well controlled, lab experiments

* Easier to manipúlate variables

22
Q

How is Research more Empirical with Animals which Supports the use of Animals allowing Better Science which is an Argument for using Animals?

A

Neurobiological changes can be seen in animal brains in response to controlled manipulations

23
Q

What did Van den Oever’s study (2008) Find which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A
  • Neurobiological changes in the medial prefrontal cortex as a result of exposing rats to heroin associated cues after training the rats to self-administer heroin
  • Other rats that weren’t exposed to heroin associated cues + were trained to self administer sucrose - didn’t have the same neurobiological changes
24
Q

What did Van den Oever’s Research Show(2008) which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

Shown an empirical neurobiological change as a result of a precise manipulation w/ control over extraneous variables

25
Q

Why Couldn’t have Van den Oever’s study (2008) be done on Humans which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

It required decapitation + removal of the rats brain in order to analyse the neurobiology

26
Q

How is Van den Oever’s study (2008) Beneficial for Society which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

Offers a potential target for drug therapy for heroin addicts, who are prone to relapse

27
Q

What did Wagner’s study (1979) Observe which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

Aggression levels of Male mice over a number of sessions

28
Q

How did Wagner (1979) Measure the Aggression Levels of the Male Mice which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

Measured by biting attacks on other mice

29
Q

What did Wagner’s study (1979) Find which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A
  • After castration - aggression levels dropped

* When castrated mice are injected w/ testosterone - their aggression levels rose back to pre-castration levels

30
Q

What did Wagner’s Findings (1979) Suggest which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

Testosterone is a cause of aggression in mice

31
Q

How is Wagner’s study (1979) a Practical Application which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A

Drugs that reduce testosterone levels may reduce aggression

32
Q

What is an Example of How Wagner’s study (1979) is a Practical Application which Supports the Argument Against using Animals?

A
  • Drug to treat violent sexual offenders
  • The drug: ‘Medroxyprogesterone acetate’
  • It reduces levels of testosterone
  • So, offenders report a reduction in sexual fantasies/impulses
  • Technique is referred to as chemical castration
33
Q

What is the Main Value of Using Animals?

A

Allows procedures that wouldn’t be possible in humans

34
Q

What is an Example of a Therapeutic Advance in Psychology that couldn’t have happened Without Animal Research?

A

The treatment of Parkinson’s disease

35
Q

What does Parkinson’s disease effect?

A

The Basal Ganglia - an area of the brain that controls movement

36
Q

What was the Deep Brain Simulation Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease which was a Therapeutic Advance in Psychology that couldn’t have happened Without Animal Research?

A
  • Insert an electrode into the patients brain in the area that has the neuronal damage
  • An electrical impulse sent to that area to compensate for the damaged neurona
  • Resulting in a decrease in the shaking symptoms
37
Q

What Animal is Used to test Deep Brain Stimulation Treatment?

A

Monkeys

38
Q

What was Benazzouz’s (1993) study into the Deep Brain Simulation Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease which led to Further Research?

A

Induce Parkinson’s disease in monkeys + reverse the shaking symptoms by stimulating a specific area in the basal ganglia

39
Q

Why was Benazzouz’s (1993) study Ethical into the Deep Brain Simulation Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease with Monkeys?

A

As it’s unethical to test on humans due to the uncertainty of the impact

40
Q

Why was Benazzouz’s (1993) study Unethical into the Deep Brain Simulation Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease with Monkeys?

A
  • A monkeys life is just as important as a humans

* They are harmed - they’re physically + psychologically harmed - animals killed after the study is finished

41
Q

Why is High Costs to Animals an issue Relevant to today’s society?

A
  • A lot of animals are used + killed for research
  • They need to be compared to benefits of treatments that may be developed
  • E.g. neurological disorders
42
Q

Why Ethical Considerations id Using Animals an issue Relevant to today’s society?

A

People care about animals as they don’t want them to be harmed

Psychology (14 decks)

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