Key points of lung cancer Flashcards
lung diseases causing clubbing (ABCDEF)
Abscess Bronchiectasis Cystic Fibrosis Don't say COPD Empyema Fibrosis
TTF-1 is only expressed in adenocarcinoma.
True/False
false
- also in small cell carcinoma
P63 is expressed in squamous cell carcinoma.
Ture/false
true
K-ras and EGFR mutations occur in which type of lung tumour?
non-small cell cancer
what cells give rise to small cell carcinomas?
neuroendocrine cells
which type of lung cancer is more common in non-smokers?
adenocarcinomas
what is the most common type of lung cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma
Who gets radical radiotherapy?
early non-small cell lung cancer patients with adequate lung function but where surgery is not possible
describe the locations of possible local invasions of a primary tumour?
1) Recurrent laryngeal nerve
2) pericardium
3) oesophagus
4) brachial plexus
5) pleural cavity
6) superior vena cava
what does invasion of recurrent laryngeal nerve lead to?
HOARSE voice
what does invasion of the pericardium do?
- breathless
- atrial fibrillation
- pericardial effusion
what does invasion of the oesophagus do?
- dysphagia
= difficulty swallowing solids
when a primary tumour invades a brachial plexus, what can the tumour be Called?
a pan coast tumour
which part of the lung is the pan coast tumour referring to?
the TOP of the lung
what happens when the tumour invades the pleural cavity?
leads to a pleural effusion
what happens when the tumour invades the superior vena cava (SVC)?
= obstructs drainage of blood from arms & head
- puffy eyelids & headache result
- distension of superficial veins
- normal pulsation is lost
what are the 5 most common site for metastases?
1) brain
2) liver
3) bone
4) adrenal / lymph
5) skin
which LFT is particularly abnormal in liver metastases?
Alkaline phosphate (ALP)
what is HPOA?
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
what is thrombophlebitis?
= inflammation of the wall of a vein with associate thrombosis
how does hypercalcaemia arise?
- tumour produces a substance which mimics the effect of the PARATHYROID hormone.
- parathyroid hormone holds onto the calcium & increases its conc
what are the 5 things related to hypercalcaemia?
1) stones
= renal/biliary calculi
2) bones
= bone pain
3) groans
= abdominal pain
= constipation
= nausea & vomitting
4) thrones
= polyuria
5) psychiactic overtones
= depression
= anxiety
what are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
1) headache
2) confusion
3) extreme thirst
4) constipation
how would you treat hypercalcaemia?
- rehydrration
- if this doesn’t work then use IV biphosphonate
what is hyponataemia?
= results from production of substance which mimics anti-diuretic setting
what is the syndrome called which relates to Hyponatramia and what does it lead to?
Syndrome of Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone. (SIADH)
= low sodium concentration
how would you treat SIADH?
1) fluid restriction = 1.5L/day
2) demeclocyclinnne
