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Respiratory (Annie) > Cellular immune effectors > Flashcards

Cellular immune effectors Flashcards

1
Q

how long lived are alveolar macrophages?

A

LONG-LIVED CELLS

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2
Q

where are alveolar macrophages found?

A
  • resident within the lung

- specifically, in the LUMEN OF THE BRONCHI & ALVEOLI

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3
Q

what roles do alveolar macrophages have?

A

1) phagocytic
= white cells actively ingest & kill invading microbes

2) microbicidal functions
3) secrete inflammatory mediators
4) present microbial antigens to lymphocytes

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4
Q

how long lived are neutrophils?

A

SHORT-LIVED CELLS

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5
Q

what type of cells are they?

A

they are circulating white cells

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6
Q

what type of nucleus do neutrophils have?

A

multi-lobulated nucleus

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7
Q

what are neutrophils main function?

A

phagocytosis

  • main role is to kill invading microbes, especially extracellular bacteria
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8
Q

what does the bone marrow do during an infection?

A

they reduce a large number of neutrophils, hence why the blood’s white cell count is increased

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9
Q

where do neutrophils migrate from and to during infection & inflammation?

A

they migrate from the blood to the site of infection/inflammation

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10
Q

what is the size of monocytes like compared to other circulating white cells?

A

monocles are the LARGEST CIRCULATING WHITE CELL

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11
Q

what is the nucleus of monocytes like and what function does the nucleus have?

A
  • bean shapes/notched

- the nucleus replenishes & supports tissue macrophage populations

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12
Q

where do monocytes migrate to dying infection or inflammation?

A

they migrate to the lungs

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13
Q

what does the process of migrating to the lungs stimulate?

A

stimulates monocytes to mature into phagocytic macrophages or into dendritic cells

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14
Q

where are dendritic cells found?

A

within the MUCOSA OF THE LUNGS

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15
Q

what is their main role?

A
  • NOT TO KILL MICROBES but to stimulate an adaptive immune response to infection
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16
Q

why do dendritic cells have long cellular extensions?

A

to sample airway content

17
Q

where are mast cells found?

A

lung mucosa

18
Q

what do mast cells bind to their surface?

A

they bind IgE antibodies to their surface

IgE = antibody central to allergic reactions

19
Q

what is mast cells primary function?

A

central role in allergic reactions

20
Q

what molecules do mast cells respond to and how do they recognise them?

A
  • they respond to molecules that induce allergic responses

- they are recognised by cell-surface bound IgE

21
Q

give 2 examples of inflammatory mediators that are released.

A

1) histamine

2) interleukin-2

22
Q

what does the release of these mediators cause?

A

1) vasodilation

2) lymphocyte recruitment to the affected area

23
Q

how common are eosinophils?

A

they are very uncommon white cells

24
Q

where are eosinophils found?

A

found within the blood, lymph nodes, lymph tissue

25
Q

in what way are eosinophils similar to mast cells?

A

they release histamine & Interleukin 4 when activated by antibodies
= degranulation

26
Q

how else are eosinophils activated?

A

activated by chemokine eotaxin and RANTES

27
Q

what is eosinophils central role?

A

killing parasites

  • also have a central role in pathogenesis of asthma
28
Q

what is the size of lymphocytes like?

A

they are relatively small

29
Q

what is the nucleus and cytoplasm of lymphocytes like?

A

large nuclei

thin Layer of cytoplasm

30
Q

where are lymphocytes found?

A
  • blood
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphoid associated tissue such as bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) bronchus
  • sites of inflammation
31
Q

what are 2 type of lymphocytes?

A

1) B cells

2) T cells

32
Q

what do B cells differentiate into when activated?

A
  • they differentiate into plasma cells & produce antibodies
33
Q

what are T cells essential for?

A

they are essential for cell-mediated adaptive immunity & also many anitbody responses

34
Q

what are the 2 main types of T cells?

A

1) CD8+ T cells

2) CD4+ T cells

35
Q

what are CD8+ T cells?

A

cytotoxic cells that kill virus infected & tumour cells

36
Q

what are CD4+ T cells?

A

they re further subdivided into Th1, Th2, Th7 subsets

37
Q

what type of cells are natural killer cells & what do they do?

A
  • they are lymphocytes

- they kill cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens & tumour cells

Respiratory (Annie) (47 decks)

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