Joints (Ch. 8) Flashcards
Synarthrosis
Immovable
- Fibrous (Suture/Gomphosis), Cartilaginous (Synchondrosis), Bony Fusion (Synostosis)
Amphiarthrosis
Semi-movable
- Fibrous (Syndesmosis), Cartilaginous (Symphysis)
Diarthrosis
Fully movable
- Synovial (Mono-/Bi-/Triaxial)
Fibrous Joints
Synarthrosis
- Least moveable
- Fibrous tissue interconnect two bones
- sutures and gomphosis
Amphiarthrosis
- syndesmosis
Sutures
Found only in skull
Bones interlocked via sutured ligaments
Gomphosis
Between teeth and jaw bone
Periodontal ligaments of the teeth
Cartilaginous Joint
Synchondrosis
- rigid, immovable
- hyaline (first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and sternum)
Symphysis
- Bone separated by a wedge/pad of cartilage
- btwn pubic bones, intervertebral discs
Synostosis
-totally rigid, immovable
- 2 bones fuse and fill with osseous tissue
Synovial
- freely movable
- typically at the end of long bones
Synovial Joint Characteristics
- Joint capsule
- articular cartilage
- Joint cavity with synovial fluid
- Synovial membrane
- Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursae)
- Sensory nerves and blood vessels
Accessory Structures
Cartilage and Fat Pads
- menisci – forms channel for fluid to flow around joint– packing material
- fat pads
Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae
Synovial Fluid
Joint cavity -> Synovial membrane -> synovial fluid
- lubricates articular cartilage: reduces friction
- nourishes chondrocytes
- acts as shock absorber
Hinge Joint
Angular motion in single plane - UNIAXIAL
- knees, elbow, ankle
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Round head of one bone rests in a cup-shaped depression in another - MULTIAXIAL
- shoulder, hip
Abduction
moving away from body
Adduction
moving towards body
Flexion
decrease the angle of the bones at a joint
Extension
increase the angle of the bones at a joint
Hyperextension
extending beyond the normal limits
Circumduction
making a circular motion
Rotation
Left + Right (head)
Medial + Lateral – internal + external (ankle)
Pronation
The hand in facing posterior in the anatomical position
- Ulna and Radius are crossed over
Supination
The hand in anatomical position
- Ulna and Radius are parallel
Temporomandibular Joint
Condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
- hinge joint
Ligaments:
- Lateral Ligament
- Stylomandibular Ligament
- Sphenomandibular Ligament
Lateral Ligament
Of the TMJ
- connects zygomatic arch to the mandibular condyle
Stylomandibular Ligament
Of the TMJ
- connects the angle of the mandible to the styloid process
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Of the TMJ
- connects the sphenoidal spine to the medial side of the ramus
Zygapophysial Joints
Adjacent vertebrae articulate at their superior and inferior articular processes
Intervertebral Discs
Fibrocartilage Joint (symphasis)
- pads of fibrous cartilage between between bodies of vertebrae
- Anulus fibrosus: outer layer
- Nucleus pulposus: inner layer
Intervertebral Ligaments
Anterior/Posterior longitudinal ligament
- connects surfaces of the vertebral bodies
Supraspinous ligament
- connects tips of spinous processes
Ligamentum nuchae
- Supraspinous ligament from C7 to skull
Interspinous ligament
- spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Ligamentum flavum
- connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae with the vertebral arch
Sternoclavicular Ligament
Anterior/posterior - clavicle to manubrium
Interclavicular ligament
Interconnects clavicles in the jugular notch area
Costoclavicular ligament
From clavicle to first rib
Glenohumeral Joint
Articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity
Glenoid labrum
covers the edge of the glenoid cavity
Glenohumeral Ligament
Connects humerus to glenoid cavity
Glenohumeral ligaments
Coraco-acromial ligament
Coracoclavicular ligament
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracohumeral ligament
Glenohumeral ligament
Transverse humeral ligament
Elbow joint
Uniaxial, synovial hinge joint
Humero-ulnar joint
Humero-radial joint
Radial collateral ligament
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius
Ulnar collateral ligament
Medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna
Annular ligament
head of the radius to the ulna
Hip joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Articular capsule
- deep, strong, and dense
- lends itself to great stability
Hip joint ligaments
Iliofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament
- connect the femur to the acetabular rim
Knee Joint
Tibiofemoral synovial hinge joint
Articular capsule
- extends from distal femur and proximal tibia (includes patella)
Medial + Lateral menisci + Fad pads
- act as cushion
- conform shape to femur as position changes
- increase surface area of tibiofemoral joint
- provide lateral stability
Tibial collateral ligament
(medial collateral ligament)
connects medial epicondyle of femur to the tibia
Fibular collateral ligament
(lateral collateral ligament)
connects lateral epicondyle of femur to the fibula
Popliteal ligaments
Connect femur to the heads of the tibia and fibula
Anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL)
connects tibia to the lateral edge of the intercondylar fossa of the femur
Posterior cruciate ligament
(PCL)
connects tibia to the medial edge of the intercondylar fossa of the femur
Patellar ligament
connects tibial tuberosity to the patella
- extension of the rectus femoris tendon
Quadricep tendon
passes over anterior surface of the patella
- patella is embedded in the tendon
Rheumatoid Arthritis
All rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints
Damage to articular cartilages
Autoimmune disease
