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Anatomy > Endocrine System (Ch. 19) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Ch. 19) Flashcards

1
Q

Secrete contents into ducts

A

Exocrine glands
ie. sweat glands

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2
Q

Secrete contents into sinusoids

A

Endocrine glands
ie. thyroid

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3
Q

Embryologically derived from epithelium
(synthesize, store, secrete)

A

Glands
- secretory cells, ducts

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4
Q

Hormones

A

signaling molecule/chemical messengers
- to “excite”
- produced and secreted by endocrine cell
- transported to circulatory system, into bloodstream, to target organ and binds to target cells at their hormone receptors

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5
Q

Hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q

Infundibulum

A

attachment point of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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7
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
- out-pocketing of the oral development
- 7 peptide hormones

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8
Q

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis
- outgrowth of the nervous system
- 2 peptide hormones

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9
Q

Pituitary gland

A

2 lobes
-releases peptide hormones
-both nervous and glandular tissue
-sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica

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10
Q

Adenohypophysis hormones

A

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone
FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
PRL - prolactin
GH - growth hormone
MSH - melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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11
Q

TSH

A

control secretions of the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone

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12
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
control secretions of the adrenal gland

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13
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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14
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone
- control sex hormones and production of gametes

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15
Q

PRL

A

prolactin
- stimulate milk production

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16
Q

GH

A

growth hormone
- stimulates protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

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17
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte-synthesizing hormone
- stimulates melanin secretion

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18
Q

neurohypophysis hormones

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
OXT - oxytocin

19
Q

Hypothalamus hormones

A

ADH -antidiuretic hormone
OXT -oxytocin
BOTH VIA NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

20
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A
  1. acts as an endocrine organ
  2. secretes regulatory hormones (via adenohypophysis)
  3. contains effects of the adrenal medulla
21
Q

On anterior surface of the trachea and inferior to thyroid and cricoid cartilages

A

Thyroid gland

22
Q

Thyroid gland

A

2 lobes connected via isthmus
- thyroid follicles store hormones extracellularly

23
Q

Thyroid follicles

A

lined with simple cuboidal epithelium composed of T thyrocytes
- which secrete thyroglobulin and iodine into colloid (thyroid cavity)
TSH stimulates follicle cells to convert thyroglobulin to thyroxine and triiodothyronine

24
Q

Thyroglobulin is converted by __________ into _____________ and ____________. Both function to ________________

A

follicle cells stimulated by TSH
thyroxine
triiodothyronine
increase cellular metabolism

25
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

C thyrocytes (clear)
produce calcitonin (CT)

26
Q

Calcitonin

A

regulates blood calcium ion levels - reduces ion concentration
Targets:
osteoclasts of bones (inhibits osteoclast activity, calcium does not leave bone to enter blood)
Nephrons (calcium ion excretion)

27
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

posterior portion of thyroid gland
parathyroid cells
produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

28
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone
- increases blood calcium ion levels (reduces urinary excretion, kidneys produce calcitriol to increase absorption of calcium)

29
Q

Thymus

A

mediastinal region, posterior to the sternum
- produces thymosin

30
Q

Thymosin

A

targets lymphocytes
- to develop T cells
- maintain immune system

31
Q

Pancreas

A

connects to duodenum (large rounded end), and towards the spleen (pointed tail)
- pancreatic duct- largest
exocrine and endocrine functions: digestive enzymes and pancreatic islets produce hormones

32
Q

Pancreas hormones

A

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

33
Q

Glucagon

A

from alpha cells
- stimulates liver -> break down glycogen to glucose
- put glucose into bloodstream

34
Q

Insulin

A

from beta cells
- increases glucose absorption by body cells

35
Q

Somatostatin

A

from delta cells
- inhibits glucagon and insulin production
- slows absorption rate in small intestine

36
Q

inability to produce/use insulin

A

diabetes mellitus
Type 1: don’t make but can use
Type 2: make but can’t use
vision + cardiovascular issues

37
Q

Adrenal glands

A

attached to border of kidneys
aka. suprarenal glands
Right= triangular, left= semilunar
Cortex= outer, medulla= inner

38
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones

A

aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)
glucocorticoids- cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone (zona fasciculate)
androgens- ie. testosterone (zona reticularis)

39
Q

Aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
retention of sodium ions and water= reduce ion and water loss

40
Q

glucocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex
zona fasciculate
cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
cause liver to synthesize glucose and glycogen, anti-inflammatory

41
Q

androgens

A

adrenal cortex
zona reticularis
testosterone
development of axillary and pubis hair, stimulate libido

42
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
BOTH PRODUCED BY CHROMAFFIN CELLS

43
Q

Pineal Gland

A

contains neurons, glial cells, and pinealocytes
- synthesize melatonin

Anatomy (16 decks)

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