Joint Classification Flashcards

Classification, Levers, Receptors

1
Q

Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)

A

Suture - e.g., sagittal suture of the skull
Syndesmosis - e.g., tibia and fibula with interosseous membrane
Gomphosis - e.g., tooth in its socket

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2
Q

Definition: Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)

A

Fibrous joints composed of bones that are united by fibrous tissue and are NONSYNOVIAL. Movement is minimal to none with the amount of movement permitted at the joint dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bones

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3
Q

Definition: Suture

A

Synarthroses
Union of 2 bones by a ligament or membrane
Immovable Joint
Eventual fusion is termed Synostosis

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4
Q

Definition: Syndesmosis

A

Synarthroses
Bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane or cord
Very little motion

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5
Q

Definition: Gomphosis

A

Synarthroses
Two bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole
The teeth and corresponding sockets in the mandible/maxilla are the only gomphosis joints in the body
The periodontal membrane is the fibrous component of the joint

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6
Q

Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints)

A

Synchondrosis - e.g., sternum and true rib articulation

Symphysis - e.g., pubic symphysis

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7
Q

Definition: Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints)

A

Cartilaginous joints have hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that connects one bone to another. These are slightly moveable joints

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8
Q

Definition: Synchondrosis

A

Amphiarthroses
Hyaline Cartilage
Cartilage adjoins 2 ossifying centers of bone
Provides stability during growth
May ossify to synostosis once growth is completed
Slight motion

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9
Q

Definition: Symphysis

A

Amphiarthroses
Generally located at the midline of the body
Two bones covered with hyaline cartilage
Two bones connected by fibrocartilage
Slight motion

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10
Q

Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)

A
  • Uniaxial Joint - Hinge, e.g., elbow joint; Pivot, e.g., atlantoaxial joint
  • Biaxial Joint - Condyloid, e.g., metacarpophalangeal joint of a finger; Saddle, e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
  • Multi-axial joint - Plane (gliding), e.g., carpal joints; Ball and Socket, e.g., hip joint
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11
Q

Definition: Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)

A

Provide free movement between the bones they join. They have 5 distinguishing characteristics:
1) Joint cavity
2) Articular cartilage
3) Synovial membrane
4) Synovial fluid
5) Fibrous capsule
They are the most complex and vulnerable to injury

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12
Q

Definition: Uniaxial

A

One motion around a single axis in one plane of the body. (Hinge, Pivot)

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13
Q

Definition: Biaxial

A

Movement occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes through the convex/concave surfaces. (Condyloid, Saddle)

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14
Q

Definition: Multi-axial

A

Movement occurs in 3 planes and around 3 axes. (Plane/gliding, Ball-and-socket)

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15
Q

Definition: Fulcrum

A

Axis of Rotation

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16
Q

Definition: Force

A

The Effort

17
Q

Definition: Load

A

The Resistance

18
Q

Class 1 Levers

A

The fulcrum is between the force and the load.
E.g., a see-saw

There are very few class 1 levers in the body.

19
Q

Class 2 Levers

A

The load is between the fulcrum and the effort.
E.g., a wheelbarrow
- The length of the effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm.

20
Q

Class 3 Levers

A

The force is between the fulcrum and the load.
E.g., Elbow flexion
- The length of the effort arm is always shorter than the length of the resistance arm

Another example is Shoulder Abduction with weight at the wrist.

Class 3 levers are the most common type in the body.
They permit large movements at rapid speeds.

21
Q

Free Nerve Endings: Location

A

Joint capsule, Ligaments, Synovium, Fat pads

22
Q

Free Nerve Endings: Sensitivity

A

One type is sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress; other type is sensitive to noxious mechanical or biochemical stimuli

23
Q

Free Nerve Endings: Primary Distribution

A

All joints

24
Q

Golgi Ligament Endings: Location

A

Ligaments, adjacent to ligaments’ bony attachment

25
Golgi Ligament Endings: Sensitivity
Tension or stretch on ligaments
26
Golgi Ligament Endings: Primary Distribution
Majority of joints
27
Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles: Location
Joint Capsule
28
Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles: Sensitivity
Compression of joint capsule
29
Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles: Primary Distribution
Knee joint, joint capsule
30
Pacinian Corpuscles: Location
Fibrous layer of joint capsule
31
Pacinian Corpuscles: Sensitivity
High frequency vibration, acceleration, high velocity changes in joint position
32
Pacinian Corpuscles: Primary Distribution
All joints
33
Ruffini Endings: Location
Fibrous layer of joint capsule
34
Ruffini Endings: Sensitivity
Stretching of joint capsule, amplitude and velocity of joint position
35
Ruffini Endings: Primary Distribution
Greater density in proximal joints, particularly in capsular regions