Jen ch 28 Flashcards
Invasive procedure
Centers for Medicare/Medicaid Services defines as: operative procedures in which skin or mucous membranes and connective tissue are incised, or an instrument is introduced through a natural body orifice.
infection
Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply
pathogens
microorganisms capable of producing disease
microorganisms
microscopic entities such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that are capable of carrying on living processes
Colonization
presence and multiplication of microorganisms w/o tissue invasion or damage
infection
results only of pathogens multiply and alter normal tissue funtion
communicable disease
disease that can be transmitted directly from one person to another
symptomatic
pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms
asymptomatic
clinical signs and symptoms are not present
for infection to occur need all of the following elements (chain of infection):
- An infectious agent or pathogen
- A reservoir or source for pathogen growth
- A port of exit from the reservoir
- A mode of transmission
- A port of entry to a host
- A susceptible host
virulence
ability to produce disease; their ability to enter and survive in the host; and the susceptibility of the host
immunucompromised
has an impaired immune system
resevoir
a place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host
HAIs
Health-care associated infections
To thrive,organisms need:
Food, oxygen, water, temperature, pH and light
Aerobic bacteria vs anaerobic bacteria
aerobic need oxygen to survive and multiply and cause more infections than anaerobic. anaerobic thrive where little or no free oxygen is available - infections in the pleural cavity, in a joint, or in a deep sinus tract are caused by anaerobes
escherichia coli
reservoir: colon
Causes: gastroenteritis, UTI
staphylococcus aureus
reservoir: skin, hair, anterior nares, mouth
causes: wound infection, pneumonia, food poisoning, cellulitis
Streptococcus A
reservoir: oropharynx, skin, periannal area
causes: Strep throat, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo, wound infection
Streptococcus B
reservoir: adult genitalia
causes: UTI, wound infection, postpartum sepsis, neonatal sepsis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
reservoir: droplet nuclei from lungs and larynx
causes: TB
Neisseria gonorrhoae
reservoir: genitourinary tract, rectum, mouth
Causes: gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, infectious arthritis, conjuntctivitis
rickettsiarickettsii
reservoir: wood tick
causes: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
staphylococcus epidermis
reservoir: skin
causes: wound infection, bacteremia
Hep A virus
reservoir: feces
causes Hep A
Hep B virus
reservoir: blood and certain body fluids, sexual contact
causes Hep B
Hep C virus
reservoir: blood and certain body fluids, sexual contact
causes Hep C
Herpes simplex virus
reservoir: lesion of mouth or skin, saliva, genitalia
causes: Cold sores, aseptic meningitis, STD, herpetic whitlow
Human immunodeficiency virus
reservoirs: blood, semen, vaginal secretions via sexual contact
Causes: Acquired immunodeficiency
aspergillus organisms
reservoir: mouth, skin, colon, genital tract, soil, dust (Is a fungus
candida albicans
reservoir: mouth, skin, colon, genital tract (Is fungus)
causes: candidiasis, pneumonia, sepsis
Plasmodium falciparum
reservoir: blood
causes: malaria
ideal temp for most human pathogens
20 to 43 celsius.68 to 109 farenheit
bacteriostasis
reproduction of bacteria
bactericidal
destruction of bacteria
pH range most organisms prefer
5.0 to 7.0
ports of exit
blood, skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, transplacental
Modes of transmission
Direct, indirect, droplet, airborne, vehicles, vectors
Infection by stage
Incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence
incubation
interval between entrance of pathogen and appearance of symptoms
prodromal
interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms
Illness
interval when patient manifest sign and symptoms specific to infection
convalescence
interval when acute symptoms of infection are gone
major route of transmission for pathogens
unwashed hands
susceptibility depends on
individual’s degree of resistance to pathogens
localized infection
specific area infected
systemic infection
affects entire body
normal defense mechanisms against infection
Skin (intact surface, shedding of cells, sebum), mouth (saliva, mucosa), eye (blinking and tearing), resp tract (cilia and mucus, macrophages), urinary tract (flushing action of urine, intact skin), GI tract (acidity of secretions, rapid peristalsis), Vagina (normal flora cause secretions with low pH.)
suprainfection
happens when broad spectrum antibiotics kill normal flora, not just those causing infection,
inflammation
protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to area of injury
exudates
fluid and cells discharged from cells or blood vessels
phagocytosis
process that involves the destruction and absorption of bacteria
leukocytosis
increase in the number if circulating WBCs
normal count of WBCs
5,000 to 10,000
fever is caused by
phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells which cause a rise in the hypothalamic set point.
serous exudate
clear like plasma
sanguineous exudate
containing RBCs
purulent exudate
containing WBCs and bacteria
exudate usually cleared away
through lymphatic sys
granulation tissue
Soft, pink, fleshy projections of tissue that form during the healing process in a wound not healing by primary intention
Iatrogenic infections
type of HAI from diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
exogenous infection
comes from microorganisms found outside the individual
endogenous infection
occurs when patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results
immune senescence
age related decline in immune sys
factors influencing infection prevention and control
age, nutritional status, stress, disease process
