Jackson - 7th Social Studies Test 2 Flashcards
As the Western Roman Empire weakened, Germanic tribes ____?
Increased in power
____ inhabited modern-day France and parts of Germany?
The Franks
Who erected settlements in Britain?
Angels and Saxons
The Roman Catholic Church began to develop when?
As the western roman empire declined
The Bishop of Rome received what title?
pope
Who became the leader of a Frankish kingdom in 481 and cried out to God for a victory and promised to be baptized?
Clovis
Who was given the name Charlemagne?
Charles Martel “Charles the Great”
his government worked to increase central authority and maintain peace
The pope placed a crown on Charlemagne’s head and proclaimed him what?
Roman emperor
What is feudalism?
It solved needs both for support (food to eat) and for protection. A landowner would grant use of a piece of land called a fief to a vassal. The vassal would live off the land and in exchange provide servies to the landowner.
Who had rights and responsibilities in the feudal system and who did not?
- Vassals - had rights
- Peasants - did not
What is a manor/manorialism?
the estate - consisted of blacksmiths, mill to process grain, skilled laborers, church & priest and was self supporting
What was manorialism?
Most of the people in the middle ages were peasants and serfs who did not own land. They farmed or performed other duties that were useful to nobles in exchange for a portion of their produce or for services rendered, a noble allowed serfs to live on his land.
What caused the decline of feudalism?
growth of towns
What were two main reasons for growth of towns?
- improved farming
- growth of trade
What is a town charter?
a legal document listing the privileges of the townspeople
Who sought to increase the power of the king through war, marriage alliances and government reforms setting England up to have a strong central government?
Henry II - strengthened authority by expanding the use of royal courts replacing local courts.
What are circuit courts?
where judges heard cases in particular provinces (circuits) of England. These courts strengthened the power of the kind and captured the royalty of the people.
What is a jury?
a group of local citizens would make up a list of accusations known as indictments (a list of record of crimes committed and the people suspected of committing the crimes)
What is a grand jury?
decides if there is enough evidence to bring an accused person to trial
What is common law?
judges developed laws that applied to all of England which overruled local laws that varied from region to region.
What is parliament?
a representative body/ a group of advisors to the king
What were the 2 groups of parliament?
- House of Lords - prominent group of leading vassals
- House of Commons - less prominent group of knights and leading citizens
How did parliament gain more power?
by granting or withholding it’s approval of new taxes “power of the purse”
What was the main occupation in medieval England?
Farming - but after bad cycles of weather and disease wool became the most important product
What was the main religion of medieval England?
Roman Catholicism
Who signed the Magna Carta?
King John of England on June 15 1215
What was the Magna Carta?
“Great Charter” a document that established the principle that the king and his government were not above the law.
What principles did the Magna Carta put in place?
- guarantee of trail by peers
- promise of no taxation in excessive amounts or without consent
- establishment of a council to verify that the charter is being followed
Who founded a new royal line in France?
Hugh Capet
How did France stay strong in power over several centuries?
They picked their kings by passing the crown to a son which spared them from revolts and major struggles of power (ex. The Capetian family ruled for over 3 centuries because of this)
Who were bailiffs?
men who collected taxes for the king and ensure justice in carrying out laws.
How did the Holy Roman Empire pick their kings?
local leaders called dukes began the practice of electing a king from among themselves. When a king died, a duke would elect a new king sometimes the king’s son but not always. This system of election helped keep German kings weaker than kings who were born to their position.
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
an association between Germany and Italy -
initially Germany asked Italy for military help which they did but later German kings tried to take over the Italian peninsula which the divided the two maker them both smaller and weaker
What new religion was developed by Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula?
Islam
What were followers of Islam called?
Muslim
What did the Islam religion believe?
there was only one god, that he was single (not 3 like the bible teaches) and humans could not know him (they could only know his will)
Who called for the first crusade?
Pope Urban II
What is a crusade?
an attempt to free the Holy Land from muslim caliphates
Why did some go on crusades?
they believed they could earn forgiveness of sins, some viewed it as an adventure, motivated by religious fever, etc.
What resulted from crusades?
thousands died but they did bring back knowledge, increase in education, etc. increase in trade from goods brought back such as spices, silk, furs, etc. Manufacturing methods were brought back which created new factories and provided work.
What was the Peace of God?
church decree placed church property out of bounds for fighting
What was the Truce of God?
restricted fighting to certain days of the week (no combat from wednesday evening to Monday morning.
What was chivalry?
“horseman”
strict code to improve behavior of knights.
required them to act with honor, generosity and religious devotion. (a group of knights couldn’t attach a single knight)
How were Jews treated in Middle Ages in Europe?
Jews faced discrimination - forced to live in separate communities, wear identifying garments, leave a region or country, accused of things such as poisoning water, etc.
Who were two composers from the Notre Dame school who developed a style of music called Polyphony?
Leonin and Perotin
polyphony - harmony to music; development of written notation system for notes and rhytms
Who was the popular Italian literature writer who wrote Divine Comedy?
Dante (story of imaginary journey through hell/pugatory and paradise)
Who was the popular English literature writer who wrote The Canterbury Tales?
Chaucer (story of pilgrims as they travel)
What is calamity?
an event that causes dreadful loss, enduring sufferings or great misery.
Examples of calamities - famine, war and plague
What was the Great Famine of 1315?
first calamity to stike Europe
1. Heavy rain in fall
2. it was cool in spring and summer which caused the crops to rot
3. food became scarce for people and animals
4. salt dried up
5. people started slaughtering their farm animals to survive
6. kids were abandoned because they couldn’t feed them
7. lasted from 1314-1317
8. people ate grass, roots and tree bark to survive
9. 10-25% of people died from starvation between 1315-1322
10. diseases like pneumonia also killed people
11. It was a very slow process to recover
What was the Hundred’s Years’ War?
Battles between England and France from 1337-1453 to settle the issue of English control of land in France.
Who help the French win in the Hundred’s Years War?
a peasant girl named Joan of Arc
she believed she was being directed from heaven to drive out the English. She was eventually captured by the English and killed her.
What came from the war?
New weapons and battlefield tatics shaped European warfare and great loss of life and sufferings. The end of the war permanently separated the two countries
What was the Black Death?
Bubonic plague killed millions
started in china and spread by trade ships to Europe by 1347
How it was spread - rats and their fleas spread it through open sewers and improper disposals of trash; houses were close together and people lived in crowded settings - unhealthy living conditions
30-50% of Europe’s population died
Catholic Church lost authority and credibility during this time because people lost faith in them because they couldn’t stop it, priests/nuns were dying also, believe God sent it to punish people for their sins, etc.