J&K, Ladakh Flashcards
the erstwhile state of j&k was split into two UTs what are they
ladakh
jammu and kashmir
when was the the jammu and kashmir reorganisation act passed
5 august 2019
( The act consists of 103 clauses, extends 106 central laws to the UTs, repeals 153 state laws, and abolishes the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council among other things.)
when did j&k and ladakh become UTs
31 october 2019, when the act came into effect
what is the capital of j&k
srinagar - summer capital
what is the capital of j&k
srinagar - summer capital
jammu - winter capital
who started the practice of two capitals for kashmir
This bi-annual shift is known as Darbar move. It was established in the 19th century by Ranbir Singh, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, and there are different reasons behind the move — strategic as well as climatic
what is the capital of ladakh
kargil and leh (the only two districts)
what is the capital of ladakh
leh and kargil
what provision gave jammu and kashmir a special status prior to 5 august 2019
article 370
Article 370 acknowledges the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in terms of autonomy and its ability to formulate laws for the state’s permanent residents. In the 1954 Presidential order, among other things, the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution were made applicable to Kashmir with exceptions.
what article is read with article 370 that dealt with giving special rights to the residents of j&k
Article 35A of the Indian Constitution was an article that empowered the Jammu and Kashmir state’s legislature to define “permanent residents” of the state and provide special rights and privileges to them.
who is the lieutenant governor of ladakh
radha krishna mathur
ladakh
• Member of Parliament
• High Court
Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (BJP)
High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
ladakh borders
west
ladakh borders
west
ladakh borders
west - j&K, gilgit baltistan
east - tibet
south west - xuar,
south - himachal pradesh
what countries lay claim to j&k and ladakh
india, china and pakistan
who is the lg of j&k
manoj sinha
what type of government does ladakh have
administration of ladakh with an lg
what type of government does kashmir have
Legislature Unicameral (114 seats) • Parliamentary constituency Rajya Sabha (4) Lok Sabha (5)
• High Court: High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
how many districts does J&K have
20
capitals
Srinagar (May–October)
Jammu (Nov-April)
The _____________ separates Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north.
Line of Control
The boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan known as the ________ came into force on 17 August 1947.
Radcliffe Line
what separates india from china
mcmahon line indicates the boundary demarcation but in actuality the lac separates india-controlled territory from chinese controlled territory
previously, ladakh had ___ mlas in the j&k legislature
4
where are the hill councils of leh and ladakh
2 - leh and ladakh neither under the 6th schedule
can only collect local taxes and can control land allotted by the centre
sixth schedule
According to Article 244 of the Constitution, the Sixth Schedule was enacted in 1949 in order to protect indigenous groups through the establishment of autonomous administrative divisions known as Autonomous District Councils (ADCs).
Art 244A
Article 244(A) allows for creation of an ‘autonomous state’ within Assam in certain tribal areas. It also envisages creation of a local legislature or Council of Ministers or both to carry out local administration. It was Inserted into the Constitution by the Twenty-second Constitution Amendment Act, 1969.
over __% of ladakh’s population is tribal
90% (2011 census)
other sources 97%
what are the primary tribes of ladakh
balti, beda, bot (boto), (brokpa (drokpa, dard or shin), changpa, garra, mon, purigpa
what are the two main religions in ladakh
shia muslim - 46%
tibetan buddhists - 40%
ADCs or administrative district councils have certain _________ powers within a state
administrative(exec.)
judicial
legislative
what states does the sixth schedule apply to
TAMM - tripura, assam, meghalaya and mizoram
TAMM
tripura
assam
meghalaya
mizoram
how many areas are recognised in TAMM under the 6th schedule
10,
3 in assam, meghalaya and mizoram
1 in tripura
The _____ of these states are empowered to reorganize the boundaries of the tribal areas.
governors
In simpler terms, she or he can choose to include or exclude any area, increase or decrease the boundaries and unite two or more autonomous districts into one.
They can also alter or change the names of autonomous regions without separate legislation.
what are these 10 areas
North Cachar Hills, Karbi Anglong and the Bodoland Territorial Area in Assam, Khasi Hills, Jaintiya Hills and Garo Hills in Meghalaya, Tribal Areas in Tripura, Chakma, Mara and Lai districts in Mizoram.
what makes bolodand territorial area special
bodoland area council has 40 members (ten more than the typical 30 limit) and the power to legislate on 39 topics
the sith schedule provides for ADCs for autonomous districts and _________ for autonomous regions
Regional Councils
for any act passed by the state legislature or the parliament; it can only be levied in these areas if the _____ and _________ give assent with or without modification
governor and president
the 6th schedule allows for certain legislative powers whereby councils can legislate on matters of ____
local importance
these laws may be passed with the assent of the ____
governor, some laws may be reserved for the consideration of the president
what are the councils in assam
- bodoland territorial council (regional council)
- karbi anglong autonomous council (arc)
- dima hasao autonomous district council
what are the councils in meghalaya
garo hills adc
khasi hills adc
jaintia adc
what are the 3 councils in mizoram
chakma adc
lai adc
mara adc
what is the council in tripura called
tripura tribal areas adc
what are the only 2 regional councils
bolodand territorial council (formed 2003)
karbi anglong autonomous council
what was the first council and when was i formed
north cachar/ dima hsao ADC in 1951 followed by karbi anglong in 1952
up to how many members can an adc or arc have
four members nominated
rest elected
total = not more than 30
term - 5 years
The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC), Leh
is an autonomous district council that administers the Leh district of Ladakh. The council was created under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act of 1997. The council came into being after holding the first elections on August 28, 1995. Kargil also has one.
how many seats and constituency does the lahdc, leh have
26 councillor seats +
4 nominated councillors
26 constituencies
when were elections last held in leh for he lahdc
22 october 2020, with bjp winning for the first time in many years
bjp - 15 seats
inc - 9 seats
ind - 2 seats
________________, the two prominent bodies of the Ladakh region
Apex Body and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA)
what is the name of the BJP MLA from ladakh who has demanded statehood for ladakh
Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (part of leh apex body)
what was the roshni act originally called
Jammu and Kashmir State Land (Vesting of Ownership Rights to the Occupants) Act, 2001.
It was enacted in 2001 during the National Conference regime led by Farooq Abdullah in the State.
As per the Act, the ownership rights of State land would be transferred to its occupants on the payment of a fee fixed by the government.
when was the act repealed and by which governor
28 november, 2018
satya pal malik
when were all the land transfers under this act cancelled
1 november 2020
as per preliminary reports submitted to the DM, how much of the land granted under this scheme has been retrieved
2000 acres
A report by the CAG estimated that against the targeted Rs_____, only Rs 76 crore had been realized from the transfer of land between 2007 and 2013, thus defeating the purpose.
The government’s target was to earn Rs 25,000 crore by transferring 20 lakh kanals (one-eighth of an acre) of state land to existing occupants against payment at market rates.
under this scheme government gave away agricultural land to occupiers for free at the documentation rate of ₹______
100
It set __ as the cutoff for encroachment on state land. Which was later changed to all occupiers which led to encroachment of state land. Initially the scheme was only valid un 2007 but that too was removed.
1990
why did it come to be known as the roshni act
because the proceeds from the act would be used to finance power projects in j&k
(the other aim of the roshni act was to grant proprietary rights to the occupants of state land
when did the hc rule the act to be unconstitutional, illegal and unsustainable.
october, 2020 followed by the repeal and consequent annulment of the act in november 2020
The HC held all allotments made under the Roshni Act as void ab initio. It also made public the names of the influential people who were allotted land under the Act. the J&K government, in a review petition, has pleaded for modifications to the HC judgement of Oct 2020. The petition says that declaring all allotments null and void would cause a lot of common people to suffer unintentionally
who heads the j&k delimitation commission
retd. sc judge ranjana prakash desai
when was the last time delimitation was carried out in j&k
1994-95 when j&k was under president’s rule
J&K saw the last delimitation exercise in 1994-95, after 22 years, which resulted in an increase in the number of Assembly constituencies from 76 to 87
when was delimitation carried out on a provincial basis in J&encik
1993 when jaganmohan was the governor
divided in 87 assembly constituencies
J&K has been under Centre’s rule since
19 June 2018.
after mehbooba mufti led coalition fell apart after bjp withdrew support
delimitation for state legislative as well as the parliament was frozen by the farooq abdullah government in 2002 until
2026
The Delimitation Commission headed by retired Supreme Court Judge Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai, was constituted in 2020 to delineate constituencies based on the _____ taking the strength of seats to 90.
2011 census
how many constituencies did j&k have when it was a state
87
how many seats have been recommended now
90
kashmir - 47
jammu - 43
how many seats will be reserved for ST and SC
16, (first time) on the basis of population
9 for ST
7 for SC
since the last delimitation, number of districts and tehsils have gone up by
distrcits - from 12 to 20
tehsils - 52 to 207
the erstwhile state of kashmir had seats
kashmir - 46
jammu - 37
ladakh - 4
pok - 24
when was the delimitation commission constituted
6 march 2020
given a year extension in 2021
in february they decided to take into account not just population but also geographical conditions for jammu as some are rather lack communications and hospitable conditions
when was the delimitation commission constituted
6 march 2020
given a year extension in 2021
in february they decided to take into account not just population but also geographical conditions for jammu as some are rather lack communications and conveniences
when was the draft given to 5 MPs who are associate members of the body
20 december
delimitation
Delimitation is the act of fixing or redrawing the limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies (Assembly or Lok Sabha seat) in a country or a province having a legislative body, as per the Election Commission.
Prior to August 5, 2019 carving out of J&K’s Assembly seats was carried out under
the J&K Constitution
and Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People Act, 1957.
what was the term of elected members of the kashmir state
6 years
when were the seats of ladakh declared void
Post August 5, 2019 – After the abrogation of Article 370, the complexion of Assembly changed and the UT of Ladakh seats were declared void, reducing the strength of the J&K assembly to 83 from 87.
what are the recommendations of the commission
Increase in seats- The Commission has suggested six additional Assembly seats in Jammu, from 37 to 43, and one in the Valley, from 46 to 47.
The J&K assembly will have 90 seats, excluding the 24 seats reserved for areas which are part of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
Redrawing of political map- The political map is being redrawn based on the considerations of population spread, inadequate communication and lack of public conveniences due to their excessive remoteness or inhospitable conditions on the international border.
SC, ST Reservation- The commission has suggested reserving 7 seats for Scheduled Castes (Hindus) in the Samba-Kathua-Jammu-Udhampur belt and 9 seats for Scheduled Tribes in the Rajouri-Poonch belt having mainly non-Kashmiri speaking Muslims.
Article 82
the Parliament enacts a Delimitation Act after every Census.
Article 170
States also get divided into territorial constituencies as per Delimitation Act after every Census.
why was delimitation in j&k different from delimitation in thr rest of the country
because of special provisions
delimitation of assembly elections is carried out on the basis of
governed separately by the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution and Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People Act, 1957.
delimitation of Lok Sabha seats
was then governed by the Indian Constitution in J&K
what is the cap on lok sabha seats
550
what is the cap on rajya sabha seats
250
how mnay times has delimitation taken place in jammu and kashmir
1963 1973 provisional basis - 1993 1995 2021
delimitation upholds the principle of
one vote, one value
what is the Delimitation commission also called and when was it founded
or Boundary commission (ad hoc)
1952
created due to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951.
who was the chairperson of the delim. comm.
Justice N Chandrasekhara Aiyar, a retired justice of the Supreme Court, was its chairman in 1953.
but when was the first delimitation exercise was carried out and by whom
by the President (with the help of the Election Commission) in 1950-51.
how many times has delimitation taken place nationwide
4 times 1952 - 1951 census 1963 - 1961 census 1973 - 1971 census 2002 - 2001 census
when will nationwide delimitation happen next
2026
Following the 84th amendment to the Constitution, in 2002, Delimitation is to be done in 2026 if not postponed.
The base year will be 2021 population. However the population control policy will be kept in center of this.
what was the reson for freezing of delimitation until 2026
This was mainly done as states which had implemented family planning widely like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Punjab would stand to lose many parliamentary seats representation and states with poor family planning programs and higher fertility rates like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan would adversely gain many of the seats transferred from better-performing states.
who headed the last delimitation com. and when were its recommendations implemented
2002 commission
retd. sc judge kuldip singh
in 2008
The Delimitation Commission is appointed by
the President of India
The Delimitation Commission works in collaboration with the
Election Commission of India.
Delimitation Commision (DC) Composition
chief - Retired Supreme Court judge
Chief Election Commissioner
Respective State Election Commissioners.
who is tasked with the identification of seats for ST and SC
the DC
the draft and finished order of the DC is published in the
Gazette of India
jammu is a ________ majority
hindu marjority
criticism: that seats are givent o jammu at the cost of kashmir
People’s Alliance for Gupkar Declaration (PAGD)
The People’s Alliance for Gupkar Declaration is an electoral alliance between the several regional political parties in Jammu and Kashmir reportedly aimed at restoring special status along with Article 35A of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir. Farooq Abdullah is the president of the alliance.
Founded: 20 October 2020
Founders: Farooq Abdullah, Mehbooba Mufti
Spokesperson: MY Tarigami
when was the gupkar declation signed
Gupkar Declaration was a joint resolution signed on August 4, 2019, at Gupkar Residence by the major political parties in Jammu and Kashmir to oppose the Centre’s decision on abrogation of Article 370 which granted a special status to the erstwhile state (now a Union Territory). Gupkar Residence is the house of National Conference president Farooq Abdullah at Gupkar Road in Srinagar.
how many seats have been increased for j&K
jammu - 6
kashmir - 1
reserved 16 for ST and SC
major parties in j&K
All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference. Originally founded under the name All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference in 1932 by Sheikh Abdullah and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas, the organisation renamed itself as “National Conference” in 1939 and joined the All India States Peoples Conference (allied to the Indian National Congress). The organisation continued its prominent role in the state after its accession to India.
All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference. Breakaway group of the National Conference, revived under the old name of the party in 1941. The principal leader was Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas. The party allied itself with the All-India Muslim League and advocated accession to Pakistan in 1947. It spearheaded the Azad Kashmir rebellion in 1947, leading to the region’s secession from the state. The party continued to be the predominant party in Azad Kashmir after it came under Pakistani control.
All Jammu and Kashmir Rajya Hindu Sabha. Founding year unknown. It is believed to have been affiliated to the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha, founded in 1909. Led by Prem Nath Dogra in 1947, it supported the independence of the princely state. After the state’s accession to India, it largely merged into the Jammu Praja Parishad.
Kashmir Socialist Party and Kisan Mazdoor Conference. Founded by Prem Nath Bazaz, who advocated the accession of the state to Pakistan until 1964.
