China Flashcards
what is an eez
An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a concept adopted at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea - UNCLOS (1982), whereby a coastal State assumes jurisdiction over the exploration and exploitation of marine resources in its adjacent section of the continental shelf, taken to be a band extending 200 miles from the shore.
south china sea is an arm of the _________ ocean
western pacific ocean
south china sea is connected with the east china sea
taiwan strait (also separates asia from taiwan)
strait - a narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two other large areas of water.
“the Straits of Gibraltar”
what connects the south china sea with the phillipines
OR
_____, the main deep channel connecting the South China Sea with the Pacific Ocean, lies between Taiwan and the Philippines and has a depth of about 8,500 feet (2,600 metres).
the luzon strait
what are most important marine islands, etc in the south china sea
paracel islands. spratly islands, scarborough shoal
what are the countries that form a boundary with the SCS (south china sea)
Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.
45% of maritime trade passes through the south china sea that connects the _____ oceans and therefore the ____ continents
pacific and indian ocean, thereby connecting africa and asia with europe
what are the major points of dispute in south china sea
paracel and spratly islands
what are the straits in the south china sea that are necessary for the export of oil and lng to china, vietnam, japan, indonesia, s korea etc from the gulf countries
malacca, lombok and sunda strait
strategic importance of the SCS
the malacca is the 2nd busiest strait in terms of volume of oil transportation, as 15 million barrels pass through it everyday. what is the busiest
hormuz strait
between the persian gulf and the gulf of oman
___ billion barrels of crude oil are said to be present in the scs
15 billion (optimistically, there are 200 billion barrels of reserves) large amounts of natural gas are also supposed to be present 190 trillion cubic feet under the seabed
when did unclos come into effect
1994
what is the nine dash line and when did china first come up with it
1949 (some sources also say 1952)
1997, china’s claim of the south china sea that extends 1118 miles from the hainan island to waters off equatorial borneo (because of china’s of claim of it it the past) it extends up to 2000 km from the chinese mainland reaching waters close to malaysia and indonesia
when was the ‘declaration on conduct of parties in the south china sea’ signed and between whom
ASEAN and China in 2002
when was the ‘declaration on conduct of parties in the south china sea’ signed and between whom
ASEAN and China in 2002
in 2013 _______- filed an arbitration case challenging china’s historical claim and another actions in the SCS
phillipines
under which law was this suit filed
UNCLOS, 1994
under annex 7
when did the parties to the dispute ratify the unclos
UNCLOS, ratified by the Philippines in 1984 and by the PRC in 1996
where was the case filed
Permanent Court of Arbitration
in whose favour did the PCA rule
On 12 July 2016, the special arbitral tribunal ruled in favor of the Philippines on most of its submissions. It clarified that while it would not “rule on any question of sovereignty over land territory and would not delimit any maritime boundary between the Parties”, China’s historic rights claims over the maritime areas (as opposed to land territories and territorial waters) inside the “nine-dash line” have no lawful effect if they exceed what’s entitled to under UNCLOS. China has rejected the ruling, as have Taiwan and Brunei.
how do other countries feel about it
As of August 2, 2021, nine governments have publicly called for the ruling to be respected, 33 have issued generally positive statements noting the verdict but have stopped short of calling for the parties to abide by it, and eight have publicly rejected it.
when did india accept and introduce its eex
Indian Parliament extended constitutional recognition to the new concept of the EEZ in May 1976.
the spratly islands and paracels are disputed between ____ and ________ on grounds of
china and vietnam (raised claim in 1970’s after deterioration of relations) (vietnam - claims the country ruled over the islands since 17th century and has documents)
malaysia claims southern parts of spratly because it falls under its border (claim is legally valid) brunei claims it under its eez.
paracel is claimed by taiwan, vietnam and chine
spratly is claimed by china, taiwan, vietnam, brunei, phillipines
what are the fake islands (/islets) built by china in the spratly islands
Gaven Reef, Fiery Cross Reef, Cuarteron Reef, Johnson South Reef, and Johnson North Reef. the fake islands span over 3000 kilometres. mostly for military occupation.
woody island on paracel islands
who lays claim to the scarborough shoal
china and phillipines(100 miles or 160km from philipines and 500 miles from china)
how many islands does paracel contain
it contains 130 islands and coral reefs and it equidistant from both china and vietnam
vietnam says the islands have been under its control since at least the 15th century but china says that it was under the chinese song dynasty in the 14th century
when did china seize the paracels from vietnam and kill 70 soldiers
1974
when did vietnam and china clash in spratly with vietnam losing 60 sailors
1988
when did the scarborough shoal standoff occur between china and phillipines
2012
Tensions began on April 8, 2012, after the attempted apprehension of the Philippine Navy of eight mainland Chinese fishing vessels near the shoal.
In February 2014, it was reported that China had offered mutual withdrawal from the shoal and other inducements if the Philippines would refrain from submitting a formal pleading.
in _______ several collisions between the chinese and vietnamese ships due to china’s introduction of a drilling rig into waters near the paracel islands
may 2014
which country in 2013 threathened to take china to a un tirbunal under unclos over its SCS claims
manila
when did china first lay claim to the SCS with 11 dashes covering most of the area and why did it take off 2 dashes in the 1949 to bypass the tonkin gulf
1947
as a guesture of goodwill to communist comrades in north vietnam
what led to the unprecedented increase in claims in the SCS
1960’s when large amounts of oil and natural resources were found there
what are countries that us has conducted maritime excercises with with regards to china’s presence in the SCS
phillipines, japan, australia and indonesia
In 2009, _________ Joint Submission and Vietnam’s Partial Submission on 6 and 7 May respectively, created a turning point in the legal battle in the South China Sea. But, on 7 May 2009 China issued a diplomatic protest with the nine-dash line map attached. Not much came out of it the submissions.
Vietnam and Malaysia
Made to Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
india has depolyed its navy with _________ in the SCS for the protection of SLOC - sea lanes of communication
vietnam
when was the ITLOS established and what does it stand for
1996
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) is an intergovernmental organization created by the mandate of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.
The Philippines has rejected China’s demand to remove its naval ship anchored on a disputed shoal in the South China Sea in November. What is the name of this ship and why has been grounded here?
The Philippines intentionally grounded a warship, BRP Sierra Madre, at the Second Thomas shoal in 1999 to reinforce Manila’s sovereignty claims in the Spratly archipelago, according to Reuters. It acts as a military outpost.
The Second Thomas Shoal, 105 nautical miles (195 km) off Palawan. The Second Thomas Shoal is within the Philippines’ 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone, as outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which China has ratified. The PCA has also ruled in favour of this claim. What is Palawan?
Palawan is what Phillipines calls the eastern part of the the SCS that falls within it EEZ
china’s coast guard used water cannons to turn back 2 phillipine’s boats carrying supplies to the thomas shoal on 16 november. phillipine and us said that these supply boats are covered by a mutual defense treaty with the us and these actions would invoke the defence commitments under it. what is the treaty called.
Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America
Signed August 30, 1951
Location Washington D.C., United States
The overall accord contains eight articles and dictates for both nations to support each other if an external party attacks the Philippines or the United States.
what is second thomas shoal called in china
ayungin shoal
what are the other names for scarborough shoal
Scarborough Shoal, also known as Bajo de Masinloc (in Spanish), Panatag Shoal (Filipino: Kulumpol ng Panatag, lit. ‘serene cluster’), Huangyan Island (Mandarin Chinese: 黄岩岛; pinyin: Huáng Yán Dǎo
spratly islands
(Filipino: Kapuluan ng Kalayaan; Chinese: 南沙群島/南沙群岛; pinyin: Nánshā Qúndǎo; Malay: Kepulauan Spratly; Vietnamese: Quần đảo Trường Sa) are a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea.
paracel island names
Xisha Islands (西沙群岛; Xīshā Qúndǎo) in Chinese and Hoang Sa Islands (Quần Đảo Hoàng Sa) in Vietnamese
Bering Strait
The Bering Strait is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.
which un committee was used by mainly by the us and european countries to criticise china over its xuar policies
unhrc (3rd time in 3 years)
how many countries called on china to ensure ‘full respect for the rule of law’ in the xuar region in november
43
how many countries were part of a similar statement read in 2019 by the uk
23
how many were part of the 2020 statement read by germany
39
how many joined this year and who were they
4 countries
turkey, eswatini, portugal and the czech republic
(annual statement to respect hr in xuar)
which country dropped out this year and why
recently hosted meeting between china and us and aimsz to facilitate rather than sign on to a statement
meanwhile ______ had 45 signatories last year in support of china got ___ more this year
cuba, 17
when did uyghurs embrace islam and which city became a major centre of islamic learning
in 934 kashgar, capital of the karahanid kingdom
what language do they speak and what sect of islam do they follow
turkic, sunni
which is the biggest region in china which also produces 1/5th of the world’s cotton
xuar
what is the capital of xuar
urumqi
what is the name of the independent state that uyghurs demand
east turkestan
speak turkic and see themselves as close to central asia
___ uyghurs live in xuar of which ____ are in camps
12 million in total of which 800k to 2 million are in camps
xuar lies to the _____ of china
north west
