Climate Flashcards
kunming declaration is not a ____________ intl. treaty
legally binding
what is the kunming declaration
More than 100 countries on the 13th of October 2021 pledged to make the protection of habitats an integral part of their respective government’s policies. … The Kunming Declaration signed by all countries calls for “urgent and integrated action” to reflect biodiversity considerations in all sectors of the global economy.
when and where was it signed
15th meeting of conference of parties to the un convention on biological diversity in kunming, china
13th october 2021
what is the theme of the kunming declaration
Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth.
what was the previous agreement in this regard
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, signed in Aichi, Japan, in 2010, governments agreed on 20 targets to try to slow biodiversity loss and protect habitats by 2020.
By adopting this, the nations have committed themselves to support the development, adoption and implementation of an effective post-2020 implementation plan, a capacity building action plan for the_________________ on biosafety.
Cartagena Protocol
30 by 30 Target
The declaration made a reference to the ‘30 by 30’ target which is a key proposal being debated at the COP15, that would afford 30% of the Earth’s land and oceans protected status by 2030.
Kunming Biodiversity Fund
China has also pledged to inject USD 233 million into a new fund to protect biodiversity in developing countries. The fund is being referred to by China as Kunming Biodiversity Fund.
which un funds helps developing nations finance green projects
United Nations’ Global Environment Facility
which un funds helps developing nations finance green projects
United Nations’ Global Environment Facility
Climate Financing
Climate finance refers to local, national or transnational financing—drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change.
what are some examples of climate funds
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
Adaptation Fund
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
Global Environment Fund (GEF)
parties have established two special funds managed by the GEF, what are they
The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF).
Both funds are managed by the GEF.
GCF
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
It was established to limit or reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in developing countries and to help vulnerable societies adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change.
AF
Adaptation Fund (AF) It was established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and has committed USD 532 million to climate adaptation and resilience activities.
GEF
Global Environment Fund (GEF)
GEF has served as an operating entity of the financial mechanism since the Convention came into force in 1994.
It is a private equity fund focused on seeking long term financial returns by investments in clean energy under climate change.
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, signed in
Aichi, Japan, in 2010, governments agreed on 20 targets to try to slow biodiversity loss and protect habitats by 2020.
By adopting the Kunming Declaration, the nations have committed themselves to support the development, adoption and implementation of an effective post-2020 implementation plan, a capacity building action plan for the ___________ Protocol on biosafety.
Cartagena
As per the declaration the signatory nations will ensure that the ______________— policies, programmes and plans contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, promoting sustainable and inclusive development.
post-pandemic recovery
when was the UN Convention on biological diversity signed
1993 or more specifically
Signed: 5 June 1992 – 4 June 1993
Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; New York, United States
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement on biosafety as a supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity effective since 2003. The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology and regulate its movement from one country to another.
where was it signed and when
Signed: 16 May 2000
Effective: 11 September 2003
Location: Montreal, Quebec, Canada (originally scheduled for 1999 at Cartagena, Colombia)
Drafted: 29 January 2000
how many signatories does it have
Signatories: 103
when did india ratify the cartagena protocol
India is a signatory to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and ratified it
on January 23, 2003.
article 20 of cartagena protocol
As per Article 20 of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, requires set up of Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH) in order to facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical environmental and legal information on living modified organisms (LMOs).
since when has the convention - uncbd been in force
Effective: 29 December 1993
is the uncbd legally binding
yes
how many members does it have and how many have ratified
196 members
30 ratification
is india a party to the uncbd
yes, has also ratified
signed in 1992 and ratified in 1994
_____ is an international non-governmental organisation for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment..
World Wide Fund for Nature
Man and the Biosphere Program
It was launched in 1970 and has initiated programmes and activities focusing on the diversity and the resources provided by nature, humans’ impacts on biodiversity, as well as how biodiversity affects human activities.
Global Biodiversity Assessment
It is an independent, critical, peer reviewed scientific analysis of the current issues, theories and views regarding the main aspects of biodiversity.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Signed: 3 March 1973
CITES is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975.
Depositary: Government of the Swiss Confederation
CITES ratifications and members
10 ratifications
184 signatories
who is the depositary of the cbd
Depositary: Secretary-General of the United Nations
depositary
In international law, a depositary is a government or organization to which a multilateral treaty is entrusted. The principal functions of a depositary are codified in Article 77 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
role of cites
It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together.
India is a member of the convention.
Nagoya Protocol
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, also known as the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing is a 2010 supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Nagoya Protocol also covers traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources that are covered by the Cbd and the benefits arising from its utilization.
when was it signed and when did it become effective
Signed: 29 October 2010
Effective: 12 October 2014
how many signatories does it have
Signatories: 92
Condition: 50 ratifications
what are the two protocols to the uncbd
cartagena (2000)
nagoya (2010)
where was the kuming declaration adopted
15 meeting of cop to the uncbd on 13th october 2021 (virtual)
the kunming declaration aims to reverse current loss of biodiversity and put it on a path of recovery by
2030
UNCBD 13 was held between
11 to 24 oct 2021
is the kunming declaration legally binding
no
is the kunming declaration legally binding
no
signed by over 100 parties
when was the conference supposed to be held and why was it postponed several times
due to corona
15-28 october 2020 (14 days) in kunming china
the goal to ________ the use of chemicals in agriculture and stop creating plastic waste is also being debated.
halve
how many times was it postponed
3 times
when will the signed declaration be submitted
The signed declaration will be submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations, the 2022 High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, and the United Nations Environment Assembly at the second part of the ongoing session in Kunming, China from 25 April-8 May 2022.
why has the 15th conference to the uncbd split into two
after it was postponed for thr third time
part 1: october 11 to 24 (online)
part 2: 25 April-8 May 2022.
how many of the 20 targets set by the aichi Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 were met
0
with regards to bio diversity and the environment 2021-2030 is the decade of
decade for ecosystem restoration
decade for ocean science for sustainable development
decade for sustainable development
3 main objectives of the uncbd
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) entered into force on 29 December 1993. It has 3 main objectives:
The conservation of biological diversity
The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity
The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources
what is the 2050 vision of the uncbd
living in harmony with nature
china has extended _________ to the kunming biodiversity fund
1.5billion yuan or $230 million and invited other countries to contribute
what was japan’s response to china’s invitation to contribute
$17 million or 1.8 billion yen
kunming has been adopted by ‘more than 100’ parties
when was the uncbd opened for signatures
5 june 1992 in rio
is cartagena protocol legally binding
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a legally binding global protocol that seeks to contribute to ensuring the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) created through modern biotechnology.
is nagoya protocol legally binding
The “Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity”, is a legally binding treaty negotiated and adopted under the auspices of the CBD in Nagoya, Japan in 2010.
what are the five commitments made by modi at cop26 in glasgow
glasgow, scotland, uk
they are as follows
- modi has said that india will achieve net zero carbon emissions status by ________, 2 decades beyond what the date experts say is needed to be met to avert catastrophic climate impacts
2070
- india will reach non fossil energy capacity to ____ by 2030
500 GW
1gw = 1000mw
therefore 500,000mw
- india will meet ___ of energy requirements through renewable energy by 2030
50%
- india will reduce total projected carbon emissions by ____ tonnes by 2030
one billion tonnes
- india will reduce the carbon intensity of its economy to less than ____
45%
more than ___ countries mean to reach net zero by 2050 which is the goal of developed countries to meet the goal of the paris agreement of 2015
70
what is the goal of the paris agreement
keeping global temp within 2 degrees celsius from pre-industrial times
reference period 1850–1900 to represent pre-industrial temperature.
Although India accounts for 17 percent of the world’s population it is responsible for just __________ of its emissions. Thereby having the lowest per capita emissions of developed countries.
5 percent
However, it is the _______ emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in aggregate.
third-largest
The IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report provided a stark warning that human-induced climate change may have already caused an irreversible change in temperature. If the world does not reach net-zero emissions by 2050, the temperature rise will exceed _____ degrees centigrade, it said.
1.5
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations responsible for advancing knowledge on human-induced climate change.
Headquarters location: Geneva, Switzerland
Founder: Bert Bolin
Founded: 1988
Abbreviation: IPCC
Chair: Hoesung Lee
Parent organization: World Meteorological Organization; United Nations Environment Program
when did AR6 or IPCC’s Sixth Assessment report come out
part one in aug 2021
According to the World Resources Institute, India’s total greenhouse gas emissions were about _____billion tonnes in 2018.
3.3
It’s projected to rise above _____ billion tonnes per year by 2030.
4
That would mean between now and 2030, India could be emitting anywhere between 35 to 40 billion tonnes at the current rates of growth. Cutting 1 billion tonnes would, therefore, represent a reduction of 2.5 to 3 per cent in its absolute emissions in the business-as-usual scenario in the next nine years.
IPCC urged countries to keep their emissions at net zero by 2050 to reach the target of
1.5 celsius
what is the goal of paris agreement (again, i know)
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016. Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
what has been india’s opinion on net zero emisssions until now
india and the other LMDCs have held that
rich countries must show more ambition to combat climate change
make good on their commitment of $100 billion in green funds to fund poorer countries efforts toward climate change
Like Minded-Group of Developing Countries (LMDC)
Member countries of the Like-Minded Group include Bangladesh, Algeria, Bhutan, Belarus, Cuba, China, India, Egypt, Iran, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, the Philippines, Syria, Sudan, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe.
a group of developing countries who organise themselves as a block negotiators in international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, they represent more than 50% of the world’s population.
what is the approach towards climate action that india suggested
common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (cbdr is also arrgued by lmdc)
principles of equity
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR–RC)
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR–RC) is a principle within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that acknowledges the different capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing climate change.
india wants to bring ____ of its land under forest cover
1/3
it plans to plant enough trees by 2030 to absorb __________ tonnes of co2 from the atmosphere
2.5-3 billion
as per global forst watch india lost
____ of tree cover
______ of primary forests
5% of tree cover
18% of primary forests
Global Forest Watch
Global Forest Watch is an open-source web application to monitor global forests in near real-time. GFW is an initiative of the World Resources Institute, with partners including Google, USAID, the University of Maryland, Esri, Vizzuality and many other academic, non-profit, public, and private organizations.
Developer: World Resources Institute
Date launched: 22 February 2014
the gfw data only includes trees over 5m or 16ft tall but india’s government takes into account tree density over an area of land. what is its estimate
5.2% increase between 2001 and 2019
modi’s five commitments were towards the country’s ____
ndc
nationally determined contribution
india has demanded climate assistance of _____ for developing countries and those most vulnerable
1 trillion
amazon deforestation is up by 22% in a year, highest since
2006
Brazil was among a number of nations who promised to end and reverse deforestation by 2030 during the ___ climate summit.
COP26
which org gave this report
inpe or National Institute for Space Research
_______________ (5110 sq miles) was lost during the 2020-21 period
13,235 sq km
The pledge to reverse deforestation at COP26 included almost ___________ of public and private funds. Some of that will go to developing countries to restore damaged land, tackle wildfires and support indigenous communities.
£14bn ($19.2bn)
inpe hq and director
Headquarters: São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo, Brazil
Director: Clezio Marcos de Nardin
Founded:
22 April 1971
Purpose: Space research
Abbreviation: INPE
Parent organization: Ministry of Science and Technology of Brazil
the 22% increase is a ________ year high
15-year high
One of the leading causes of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest is linked to
beef consumption.
Vast areas of forest are cleared by cutting down trees and burning the forest down in order to create pasture land for grazing cattle.
Brazil is a major supplier of beef to countries like the United States and China, exporting _______________________ in 2019 alone.
1.82 million tons
in the Amazon basin, fires can actually be spurred by
deforestation.
Tropical forests are closed-canopy forests growing within ___ degrees north or south of the equator.
28
Temperatures are uniformly high - between
20°C and 35°C.
Such forests are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands.
The Amazon is a vast biome that spans eight rapidly developing countries + one territory
Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname—and French Guiana, an overseas territory of France.
Amazon rainforests cover about ______- of the Amazon basin
80%
hey are home to nearly _______—- of the world’s land species and is also home to about 30 million people including hundreds of indigenous groups and several isolated tribes.
a fifth
Comprising about __________ of Brazil’s total area, it is bounded by the Guiana Highlands to the north, the Andes Mountains to the west, the Brazilian central plateau to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.
40%
The Amazon basin is huge with an area covering over 6 million square kilometres, it is nearly twice the size of India.
The basin produces about 20% of the world’s flow of freshwater into the oceans.
LEAF (Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest Finance) Coalition was announced at the
Leaders Summit on Climate, 2021.
REDD+ initiatives: It is one of the climate change mitigation options in developing countries for conservation of forest carbon stock, sustainable management of forests and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
at cop 26 brazil committted to reduce deforestation in amazon by __ by next uear
15&
between 2004 to 2012, brazil has reduced deforestation by
80%
between 2004 to 2012, brazil has reduced deforestation by
80%
Brazil has pledged to end illegal deforestation by
2028
how much of the amazon is lost already
17%
tipping point - longer dry seasons and declining rain that will give rise to savannah – at 20-25% loss
if global temperatures rise by ___%, central, eastern and southern amazon will become barren scrublands
4
according to world resources institute amazon absorbs ____ of the world’s carbon emissions
30
since the 1980s there has been a temp increase of ____ and ____ decrease of rain
2 degree celsius
34% decrease in rain leading to fires that have wiped out 1 million ha
The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about 7.5 million km², or about_______________- of the South American continent.
35.5 percent
Amazon Rainforest/Area
6.7 million km²
What 9 countries share the Amazon rainforest?
The Amazon basin is also home to more than 30 million people of nine nations; Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.
60% of the forest is in __-__
brazikl
there are ____ species of trees in the rainforest
16k
