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HCHS A-level History > Italy Summary Sheets > Flashcards

Italy Summary Sheets Flashcards

1
Q

What family ruled Naples in 1815?

A

Bourbon

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2
Q

Which family ruled the Central Duchies in 1815?

A

Lorraines

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3
Q

Which family ruled Piedmont in 1815?

A

Savoy House

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4
Q

List 3 actions by French which increased Italian nationalism?

A
  • high taxation
  • conscription
  • limiting Pope’s power
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5
Q

What was the name of the treaty which reasserted Austrian control over Italy?

A

Treaty of Vienna

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6
Q

What did liberals want for Italy?

A

Wanted people to have more say in govt and laws to guarantee rights eg. Fair trials / free speech

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7
Q

What did radicals want for Italy?

A

Use of violence to achieve aims of redistribution of wealth and believed power should belong to the people

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8
Q

How were Austria able to keep tight military control of Venetia and Lombardy?

A
  • Quadrilateral forts
  • Venice was annexed by Austria and Lombardy was returned to Austrian control = both border austria
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9
Q

List 4 ways in which Ferdinand III allowed Tuscany to become more enlightened?

A
  • improved education
  • spent more money in girl’s education
  • freedom of speech
  • expanded health facilities
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10
Q

Define Jesuits

A

Members of the Society of Jesus who enforced the rules of the Catholic church

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11
Q

Define zealots

A

Strict hardline popes who had tight control over govt

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12
Q

Define inquisition

A

A feared group within Catholic church whose aim was to combat heresy by conducting trials

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13
Q

Define reactionary

A

Reverting back to previous ways / backwards / old-fashioned

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14
Q

How was Ferdinand of Naples reactionary?

A
  • Cancelled constitution of 1812, which stopped people having a day in the govt
  • strict censorship
  • no freedom of speech
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15
Q

What were the Italian States?

A

Piedmont Sardinia
Venetia
Lombardy
Parma
Modena
Tuscany
Kingdom of 2 Sicilians
Papal states

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16
Q

What % of Italy was catholic?

A

90%

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17
Q

Define political apathy

A

Lack of interest in politics as too worried about survival

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18
Q

Define parochialism

A

A limited, narrow-minded, local outlook

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19
Q

Who were the Great Powers?

A

Austria, France, Prussia, Russia & Britain

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20
Q

What was the name of the Austrian chancellor who would not allow any form of Italian nationalism?

A

Clemens von Metternich

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21
Q

List 5 secret societies

A

Carbonari
Adelfi
Federati
Spillo Negro
Free masons
Young Italy

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22
Q

What were 3 weaknesses with secret societies?

A
  • numerically small
  • unorganised and unwilling to work together
  • different members had different priorities
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23
Q

Who made up the revolutionaries in Modena and Parma in 1830 and what did they revolt for?

A

Enrico Misley and studentsrevolted for a unified Italy free from Austrian control

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24
Q

What was the main reason for the revolt in the Papal States?

A

Hatred of the church ruling

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25
Q

List 3 reasons for the failure of the 1830 revolutions

A
  • divided aims
  • lack of military strength against Austria
  • France didn’t want to help
  • too reliant on small secret socities
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26
Q

What was the Risorgimento?

A

An ideological and literacy movement helping to raise awareness of unification

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27
Q

Risorgimento

What literature did Manzoni write based on glory and patriotism?

A

I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed)

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28
Q

Risorgimento

Who wrote the literature John of Procida and what did it portray?

A

Niccolini portrayed foreign nationals as wicked oppressors

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29
Q

Risorgimento

What was Rossini’s patriotic theme song?

A

William Tell

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30
Q

Risorgimento

When did Verdi write Nabucco and what song does it have?

A

1842 Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves

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31
Q

Risorgimento

What was the art movement whose dream was to unite Italy under one government?

A

Macchiaioli

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32
Q

Risorgimento

Why is an art movement good for the Risorgimento?

A

Art can be understood by illiterate, so the movement was impacting everyone

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33
Q

Risorgimento

What 2 artists were part of the Macchiaioli?

A

Fattori and Lega

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34
Q

Risorgimento

Name a poet

A

Giacomo Leopardi

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35
Q

Risorgimento

What spread national identity in Tuscany?

A

Antologia

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36
Q

Risorgimento

What encouraged the use of Italian in Lombardy?

A

Bibliotheca Italiana

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37
Q

Risorgimento

What did the Journal Il Politecnico discuss?

A

Issues of common culture and language

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38
Q

What organisation used Italian at their meetings and allowed for moderate nationalist opinion?

A

Congress of Science

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39
Q

When was the Congress of Science?

A

1839 - 1847

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40
Q

Risorgimento

What was Dante’s ideas?

A

A foreign in power would save Italy

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41
Q

How many members did the Carbonari have?

A

60,000 = 5% adult male population

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42
Q

What was the Carbonari’s aims?

A

To gain constitutions and more rights for monarchs

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43
Q

What was Spillo Negro’s aims?

A

In the Papal States they were anti-Austrian and more liberal

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44
Q

What did Federati want?

A

Favoured a constitutional govt, but it’s program was more moderate than that of the Carbonari

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45
Q

Who led the Federati?

A

Milanese nobleman Federico Confalonieri

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46
Q

What did the Federati rename itself to and when?

A

Society of the Sublime Perfect Masters in 1818

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47
Q

Name of Austrian royal family

A

Habsburgs

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48
Q

Capital of Lombardy

A

Milan

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49
Q

Which port was good for trade in Piedmont?

A

Genoa

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50
Q

The number of Italians sent to fight in Russia (before the course)

A

27,000

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51
Q

Capital city of Siciliy?

A

Palermo

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52
Q

What was a fashion in Piedmont that could get you shot?

A

Beard and long hair

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53
Q
A
54
Q

1815

Which state did Duke Francis IV run?

A

Modena

55
Q

1815

Who ran Parma?

A

Duchess Marie-Louise

56
Q

1815

Who was the leader of Naples?

A

Ferdinand I

57
Q

How many custom points did the River Po have?

A

22

58
Q

What % of Italians spoke Italian in 1830?

A

2.5%

59
Q

What was the progressive leader of Tuscany?

A

Ferdinand III

60
Q

What was life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

A

24

61
Q

What was the Riformisti and what did it believe?

A

A group that believed that if Italy was free from Austrian influence, it would flourish

62
Q

What was constitutional change not important to most Italians?

A
  • daily survival was more important
  • politically apatheic
63
Q

What was the name of Mazzini’s nationalist, anti-Austrian group?

A

Young Italy

64
Q

List 3 aims of Young Italy

A
  • under the motto “thought and action”
  • principle of democracy and an equal society
  • no help from France
65
Q

Why didn’t Young Italy want France’s help?

A

as they will just replace Austria

66
Q

What did Young Italy do in 1831?

A

Garibaldi and Mazzini launched a revolt in Genoa where Garibaldi was arrested

67
Q

What did Young Italy do in 1834?

A

Invade savoy but their general was incompetent

68
Q

What did Young Italy do in 1844?

A

Bandiero brothers tried to start an uprising in Naples with 19 followers, but they were arrested and killed

69
Q

4 reasons Mazzini failed

A
  • absent from Italy (40yrs in total) = out of touch
  • radical
  • alienated rich supporters
  • narrowed support
  • little contact with peasants
70
Q

What were neo-guelphs?

A

A group in support of the Pope ruling Italy and was supported by Gioberti and Catholics

71
Q

Who were the Albertisti?

A

A group in support of CA leading Italy

72
Q

Who supported the Albertisti?

A

Balbo, Mazzini and Azeglio

73
Q

What is as a long term cause of the 1848 revolutions?

A

Hunger politics and political apathy

74
Q

What is a short term cause of the 1848 revolutions?

A

Maize and wheat shortages and the reforms of Pius

75
Q

What is a political cause of the 1848 revolutions?

A

Statuto in 1847 gave civil rights to drive unification

76
Q

What is a religious cause of the 1848 revolutions?

A

Pius

77
Q

What is a social cause of the 1848 revolutions?

A
  • 1836 cholera outbreak killed 65,000
78
Q

What was the name of the anti Austrian / anti papal book written by Azeglio and when?

A

On recent events in Romagna 1846

79
Q

Give 2 reasons why a revolution broke out in Sicily?

A
  • Ferdinand II was repressive
  • cholera outbreak
80
Q

How did the Sicilian revolution start?

A

Notices went up in Palermo stating time and place for weapon hand out and revolt

81
Q

Give 3 reasons why there was a revolution in Naples

A
  • word of sicilian revolts had spread
  • launched by secret societies
  • concessions by king were met with demands for 1820 constitution
82
Q

What was the “5 Glorious Days” in Milan?

A

10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian Governor General in Milan

83
Q

Where did Daniel Manin set up a republic?

A

A Venetian Republic

84
Q

When did Charles Albert of Piedmont declare war on Austria?

A

22nd March 1848

85
Q

What did the Papal Allocution of April 29th say and how did it affect Charles Albert?

A
  • stated the way with Austria didn’t have Pope’s blessing
  • weakened CA as catholic soldiers didn’t want to disobey
86
Q

What battle did Charles Albert lose in July 1848?

A

Battle of Custozza

87
Q

What nickname did Ferdinand of Naples get and why?

A

“King Bomba” as in Sept 1848 he bombed Sicily for 3 days until the Sicilian govt surrendered

88
Q

When did Charles Albert lose the battle of Novara?

A

March 1849

89
Q

When was the Roman Republic declared?

A

December 1848

90
Q

Why does the Roman Republic collapse?

A

The french entered the city and everyone fled

91
Q

Whose reputation is raised through his defence of the Roman Republic?

A

Garibaldi as he defended Rome and blocked French advancement for 2 months

92
Q

1848 Revolutions Failure

Austrian intervention

A
  • sent troops when the Pope asked for support
  • fought CA in Lombardy
93
Q

1848 Revolutions Failure

French Intervention

A
  • sent 20,000 troops to Rome
  • collapsed the Roman Republic
94
Q

1848 Revolutions Failure

Piedmont’s weaknesses

A
  • relied on Catholic soldiers who were loyal to the Pope and would not disagree with him
95
Q

1848 Revolutions Failure

Lack of revolutionary unity

A
  • Naples and Sicily fighting over unity
  • Ferdinand II took control
96
Q

1848 Revolutions Failure

Divided aims

A
  • Carbonari wanted a constitutional monarch
  • Federati = constitutional govt
  • Spillo Negro = liberalism
97
Q

1848 Revolutions Failure

Reaction of Papacy

A
  • Pope’s allocution on 29th April 48
98
Q

Write 3 positive consequences of the 1848 revolutions in Piedmint

A
  • Statuto remained in Piedmont
  • growth of nationalists in Piedmont
  • legal equality in Piedmont
99
Q

How many political refugees were there in Genoa and Turin?

A

30,000

100
Q

What are 4 negative results of the 1848 revolutions?

A
  • VE close relationships with Austria
  • Venetian republic under Austrian control
  • 1849 Pope = exocommunicated
  • VE was autocratic
101
Q

What is Mazzini’s failure in 1851-52?

A

Sicily revolts failed to win support

102
Q

What was Mazzini’s failure in 1853?

A

In Milan, 50 revolutionaries were shot

103
Q

What were Mazzini’s failure in 1856?

A

Palermo uprisings failed

104
Q

List 2 ways in which VE helped unification

A
  • appointed d’Azeglio as PM
  • didn’t want church influence
105
Q

What was the name of the anti clerical laws established in Piedmont in the 1850s?

A

Siccardi laws

106
Q

What was the coalition called which helped Cavour become PM?

A

The Connubio

107
Q

In 1855 how many monasteries did Cavour shut down?

A

152

108
Q

In what year did Cavour shut down 1700 beneficiaries?

A

1700

109
Q

What is a beneficiary?

A

Posts held by priests

110
Q

Why did Cavour betray Mazzini to the Austrians in 1853?

A

To gain Austrian trust and to prove that he was creating a stable, no nonsense state

111
Q

What 3 positions did Cavour hold in govt in 1855?

A

PM, Foreign Minister and Finance Minister

112
Q

Why did Cavour hold 3 positions in govt?

A

Ensured govt remained stable and followed a consistent path towards modernisation

113
Q

What other reforms did Cavour introduce to remove opposition to him?

A
  • introduced a string of administrative reforms in finance department 1852
  • introduced them in the foreign office in 1853
114
Q

Who did Cavour use to reform the army?

A

La Marmora (minister of war)

115
Q

By the end of the 1850s, how much railway did Piedmont have?

A

819km

116
Q

Which port was modernised in 1850s?

A

Port of Genoa

117
Q

When was the construction of the Cavour canal?

A

1857

118
Q

When was the line built linking Milan, Genoa, Turin and the French border?

A

1854

119
Q

What was Piedmont’s first steam ship?

A

The Sicilia

120
Q

When and where was Italy’s first steam ship built?

A

Genoa in 1855

121
Q

What fraction of railway did Piedmont have out of Italy?

A

1/3

122
Q

How much railway did the whole of Italy have?

A

1798km

123
Q

When and where was the 13km railway tunnel through Mount Cenis built?

A

1857 linking North Italy and Switzerland

124
Q

Why was building railways and telegraph links to France so important?

A

Develops quick control with France in case of emergency

125
Q

What were the motives of Cavour in encouraging foreign investment and trade from foreign powers?

A

They will protect Piedmont as they now want to prosper from it

126
Q

Why was Austria being weakened by the 1850s?

A
  • Zollverein
  • Crimean War
  • falling out with Russia
127
Q

How could you argue that it was CE who wanted Piedmont involved in the Crimean War?

A

He threatened to sack Cavour if didn’t get involved

128
Q

How many Piedmontese soldiers fought in Crimea?

A

18,000

129
Q

How many Piedmontese died in the Crimean war?

A

30 died from words
2000 from cholera

130
Q

When was the Paris peace treaty l?

A

Feb to April 1856

131
Q

How did Piedmont benefit from the Paris peace treaty after the crimean war?

A

Now had short term support from France and Britsin

132
Q

What is the Zollverein?

A

An economic free trade arrangement, which challenged Austria’s dominance of the German confederation

HCHS A-level History (20 decks)

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