Italy Summary Sheets Flashcards
What family ruled Naples in 1815?
Bourbon
Which family ruled the Central Duchies in 1815?
Lorraines
Which family ruled Piedmont in 1815?
Savoy House
List 3 actions by French which increased Italian nationalism?
- high taxation
- conscription
- limiting Pope’s power
What was the name of the treaty which reasserted Austrian control over Italy?
Treaty of Vienna
What did liberals want for Italy?
Wanted people to have more say in govt and laws to guarantee rights eg. Fair trials / free speech
What did radicals want for Italy?
Use of violence to achieve aims of redistribution of wealth and believed power should belong to the people
How were Austria able to keep tight military control of Venetia and Lombardy?
- Quadrilateral forts
- Venice was annexed by Austria and Lombardy was returned to Austrian control = both border austria
List 4 ways in which Ferdinand III allowed Tuscany to become more enlightened?
- improved education
- spent more money in girl’s education
- freedom of speech
- expanded health facilities
Define Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus who enforced the rules of the Catholic church
Define zealots
Strict hardline popes who had tight control over govt
Define inquisition
A feared group within Catholic church whose aim was to combat heresy by conducting trials
Define reactionary
Reverting back to previous ways / backwards / old-fashioned
How was Ferdinand of Naples reactionary?
- Cancelled constitution of 1812, which stopped people having a day in the govt
- strict censorship
- no freedom of speech
What were the Italian States?
Piedmont Sardinia
Venetia
Lombardy
Parma
Modena
Tuscany
Kingdom of 2 Sicilians
Papal states
What % of Italy was catholic?
90%
Define political apathy
Lack of interest in politics as too worried about survival
Define parochialism
A limited, narrow-minded, local outlook
Who were the Great Powers?
Austria, France, Prussia, Russia & Britain
What was the name of the Austrian chancellor who would not allow any form of Italian nationalism?
Clemens von Metternich
List 5 secret societies
Carbonari
Adelfi
Federati
Spillo Negro
Free masons
Young Italy
What were 3 weaknesses with secret societies?
- numerically small
- unorganised and unwilling to work together
- different members had different priorities
Who made up the revolutionaries in Modena and Parma in 1830 and what did they revolt for?
Enrico Misley and studentsrevolted for a unified Italy free from Austrian control
What was the main reason for the revolt in the Papal States?
Hatred of the church ruling
List 3 reasons for the failure of the 1830 revolutions
- divided aims
- lack of military strength against Austria
- France didn’t want to help
- too reliant on small secret socities
What was the Risorgimento?
An ideological and literacy movement helping to raise awareness of unification
Risorgimento
What literature did Manzoni write based on glory and patriotism?
I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed)
Risorgimento
Who wrote the literature John of Procida and what did it portray?
Niccolini portrayed foreign nationals as wicked oppressors
Risorgimento
What was Rossini’s patriotic theme song?
William Tell
Risorgimento
When did Verdi write Nabucco and what song does it have?
1842 Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves
Risorgimento
What was the art movement whose dream was to unite Italy under one government?
Macchiaioli
Risorgimento
Why is an art movement good for the Risorgimento?
Art can be understood by illiterate, so the movement was impacting everyone
Risorgimento
What 2 artists were part of the Macchiaioli?
Fattori and Lega
Risorgimento
Name a poet
Giacomo Leopardi
Risorgimento
What spread national identity in Tuscany?
Antologia
Risorgimento
What encouraged the use of Italian in Lombardy?
Bibliotheca Italiana
Risorgimento
What did the Journal Il Politecnico discuss?
Issues of common culture and language
What organisation used Italian at their meetings and allowed for moderate nationalist opinion?
Congress of Science
When was the Congress of Science?
1839 - 1847
Risorgimento
What was Dante’s ideas?
A foreign in power would save Italy
How many members did the Carbonari have?
60,000 = 5% adult male population
What was the Carbonari’s aims?
To gain constitutions and more rights for monarchs
What was Spillo Negro’s aims?
In the Papal States they were anti-Austrian and more liberal
What did Federati want?
Favoured a constitutional govt, but it’s program was more moderate than that of the Carbonari
Who led the Federati?
Milanese nobleman Federico Confalonieri
What did the Federati rename itself to and when?
Society of the Sublime Perfect Masters in 1818
Name of Austrian royal family
Habsburgs
Capital of Lombardy
Milan
Which port was good for trade in Piedmont?
Genoa
The number of Italians sent to fight in Russia (before the course)
27,000
Capital city of Siciliy?
Palermo
What was a fashion in Piedmont that could get you shot?
Beard and long hair
1815
Which state did Duke Francis IV run?
Modena
1815
Who ran Parma?
Duchess Marie-Louise
1815
Who was the leader of Naples?
Ferdinand I
How many custom points did the River Po have?
22
What % of Italians spoke Italian in 1830?
2.5%
What was the progressive leader of Tuscany?
Ferdinand III
What was life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?
24
What was the Riformisti and what did it believe?
A group that believed that if Italy was free from Austrian influence, it would flourish
What was constitutional change not important to most Italians?
- daily survival was more important
- politically apatheic
What was the name of Mazzini’s nationalist, anti-Austrian group?
Young Italy
List 3 aims of Young Italy
- under the motto “thought and action”
- principle of democracy and an equal society
- no help from France
Why didn’t Young Italy want France’s help?
as they will just replace Austria
What did Young Italy do in 1831?
Garibaldi and Mazzini launched a revolt in Genoa where Garibaldi was arrested
What did Young Italy do in 1834?
Invade savoy but their general was incompetent
What did Young Italy do in 1844?
Bandiero brothers tried to start an uprising in Naples with 19 followers, but they were arrested and killed
4 reasons Mazzini failed
- absent from Italy (40yrs in total) = out of touch
- radical
- alienated rich supporters
- narrowed support
- little contact with peasants
What were neo-guelphs?
A group in support of the Pope ruling Italy and was supported by Gioberti and Catholics
Who were the Albertisti?
A group in support of CA leading Italy
Who supported the Albertisti?
Balbo, Mazzini and Azeglio
What is as a long term cause of the 1848 revolutions?
Hunger politics and political apathy
What is a short term cause of the 1848 revolutions?
Maize and wheat shortages and the reforms of Pius
What is a political cause of the 1848 revolutions?
Statuto in 1847 gave civil rights to drive unification
What is a religious cause of the 1848 revolutions?
Pius
What is a social cause of the 1848 revolutions?
- 1836 cholera outbreak killed 65,000
What was the name of the anti Austrian / anti papal book written by Azeglio and when?
On recent events in Romagna 1846
Give 2 reasons why a revolution broke out in Sicily?
- Ferdinand II was repressive
- cholera outbreak
How did the Sicilian revolution start?
Notices went up in Palermo stating time and place for weapon hand out and revolt
Give 3 reasons why there was a revolution in Naples
- word of sicilian revolts had spread
- launched by secret societies
- concessions by king were met with demands for 1820 constitution
What was the “5 Glorious Days” in Milan?
10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian Governor General in Milan
Where did Daniel Manin set up a republic?
A Venetian Republic
When did Charles Albert of Piedmont declare war on Austria?
22nd March 1848
What did the Papal Allocution of April 29th say and how did it affect Charles Albert?
- stated the way with Austria didn’t have Pope’s blessing
- weakened CA as catholic soldiers didn’t want to disobey
What battle did Charles Albert lose in July 1848?
Battle of Custozza
What nickname did Ferdinand of Naples get and why?
“King Bomba” as in Sept 1848 he bombed Sicily for 3 days until the Sicilian govt surrendered
When did Charles Albert lose the battle of Novara?
March 1849
When was the Roman Republic declared?
December 1848
Why does the Roman Republic collapse?
The french entered the city and everyone fled
Whose reputation is raised through his defence of the Roman Republic?
Garibaldi as he defended Rome and blocked French advancement for 2 months
1848 Revolutions Failure
Austrian intervention
- sent troops when the Pope asked for support
- fought CA in Lombardy
1848 Revolutions Failure
French Intervention
- sent 20,000 troops to Rome
- collapsed the Roman Republic
1848 Revolutions Failure
Piedmont’s weaknesses
- relied on Catholic soldiers who were loyal to the Pope and would not disagree with him
1848 Revolutions Failure
Lack of revolutionary unity
- Naples and Sicily fighting over unity
- Ferdinand II took control
1848 Revolutions Failure
Divided aims
- Carbonari wanted a constitutional monarch
- Federati = constitutional govt
- Spillo Negro = liberalism
1848 Revolutions Failure
Reaction of Papacy
- Pope’s allocution on 29th April 48
Write 3 positive consequences of the 1848 revolutions in Piedmint
- Statuto remained in Piedmont
- growth of nationalists in Piedmont
- legal equality in Piedmont
How many political refugees were there in Genoa and Turin?
30,000
What are 4 negative results of the 1848 revolutions?
- VE close relationships with Austria
- Venetian republic under Austrian control
- 1849 Pope = exocommunicated
- VE was autocratic
What is Mazzini’s failure in 1851-52?
Sicily revolts failed to win support
What was Mazzini’s failure in 1853?
In Milan, 50 revolutionaries were shot
What were Mazzini’s failure in 1856?
Palermo uprisings failed
List 2 ways in which VE helped unification
- appointed d’Azeglio as PM
- didn’t want church influence
What was the name of the anti clerical laws established in Piedmont in the 1850s?
Siccardi laws
What was the coalition called which helped Cavour become PM?
The Connubio
In 1855 how many monasteries did Cavour shut down?
152
In what year did Cavour shut down 1700 beneficiaries?
1700
What is a beneficiary?
Posts held by priests
Why did Cavour betray Mazzini to the Austrians in 1853?
To gain Austrian trust and to prove that he was creating a stable, no nonsense state
What 3 positions did Cavour hold in govt in 1855?
PM, Foreign Minister and Finance Minister
Why did Cavour hold 3 positions in govt?
Ensured govt remained stable and followed a consistent path towards modernisation
What other reforms did Cavour introduce to remove opposition to him?
- introduced a string of administrative reforms in finance department 1852
- introduced them in the foreign office in 1853
Who did Cavour use to reform the army?
La Marmora (minister of war)
By the end of the 1850s, how much railway did Piedmont have?
819km
Which port was modernised in 1850s?
Port of Genoa
When was the construction of the Cavour canal?
1857
When was the line built linking Milan, Genoa, Turin and the French border?
1854
What was Piedmont’s first steam ship?
The Sicilia
When and where was Italy’s first steam ship built?
Genoa in 1855
What fraction of railway did Piedmont have out of Italy?
1/3
How much railway did the whole of Italy have?
1798km
When and where was the 13km railway tunnel through Mount Cenis built?
1857 linking North Italy and Switzerland
Why was building railways and telegraph links to France so important?
Develops quick control with France in case of emergency
What were the motives of Cavour in encouraging foreign investment and trade from foreign powers?
They will protect Piedmont as they now want to prosper from it
Why was Austria being weakened by the 1850s?
- Zollverein
- Crimean War
- falling out with Russia
How could you argue that it was CE who wanted Piedmont involved in the Crimean War?
He threatened to sack Cavour if didn’t get involved
How many Piedmontese soldiers fought in Crimea?
18,000
How many Piedmontese died in the Crimean war?
30 died from words
2000 from cholera
When was the Paris peace treaty l?
Feb to April 1856
How did Piedmont benefit from the Paris peace treaty after the crimean war?
Now had short term support from France and Britsin
What is the Zollverein?
An economic free trade arrangement, which challenged Austria’s dominance of the German confederation
