HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 1 complete Flashcards
Who invaded Italy in 1796?
French
How many states was Italy divided into under the Napoleon?
three
What was the name of French law instituted across Italy?
Napoleonic Code
What flag did Napoleon introduce to Italy?
Tricolour
How did the French encourage Italian nationalism through the military?
Italian regiments
Whose land was sold off to the professional classes in Italy?
Roman Catholic Church
Who were the Carbonari?
Anti-French Nationalist movement
Who aided the British in Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo?
Prussia
What year was Napoleon finally defeated?
1814
What was the meeting in 1815 that redistributed Europe after Napoleon’s defeat?
Congress of Vienna
Which states did Austria directly control?
Lombardy and Venetia
What royal family was given control of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies?
Bourbon
Modena, Tuscany and which state were made into duchies under Austrian influence?
Parma
Which state remained independent from Austria?
Piedmont
Who ran the Papal States?
Pope and Catholic Church
What types of governments were most Italian States in 1815?
Monarchy
Define reactionary.
Returning to the ways of the past.
Define Nationalism in 1820.
People of the same race, language, geography, culture and or traditions should be united in an independent nation.
Define Liberalism in 1820.
People have some say in government.
Define Radicalism in 1820.
Use of violence to achieve aims.
Who was the Austrian premier determined to destroy nationalism and liberalism?
Clemens von Metternich
What is a Zealot?
Hard line Pope
Define constitutional monarchy.
The monarchy retains their role but is answerable to the people.
Define republicanism.
No monarch. People have the right to vote for an elected leader.
Define Conservative.
To conserve key features, but undergo moderate reform.
What is a federation?
Where states join together with a common leadership, but retain some state freedoms.
Who were the Federati?
Northern secret society led by a Milanese nobleman, Federico Confalonieri. Anti-Austrian and favoured a constitutional government.
Name the secret society in the Papal States that were anti Austrian and anti-papacy.
Spillo Negro (Black Pin)
The trigger for revolutions in 1830, was Charles X abdication in France. Who replaced him?
Louis Philippe
What was the aim of most of the revolutions.
Gaining a constitution.
Where was the revolt led by Enrico Misley?
Modena
What did revolutions in Bologna achieve in the short term?
An elected assembly, reformed finance system and fairer legal system.
Who suppressed most of the 1830-32 revolutions?
Austrians
List the 6 reasons why the revolutions failed.
Localised, moderate, lacked popular support, ill-equipped, French failure and Austrian power
Explain the Risorgimento.
National uprising which comes from the Italian people.
Why was the medieval writer Dante significant?
Talked about ‘Italian’ language and wrote in Italian. Recognised common culture and customs. Hoped a German emperor would one day unite Italy.
Who wrote, The Prince, complaining of foreign rule during French occupation in the 15th century.
Machiavelli
Why is Verdi significant?
Anti-Austrian messages through opera.
Who were the Congresso degli Scienziata?
Congress of Science, spoke in Italian at meetings and encouraged moderate nationalism.
What were the Gli Annali and the Politecnico?
Journals that stressed the importance of economic growth such as the wine industry Chianti.
Who started Young Italy in 1831?
Giuseppe Mazzini
Was Mazzini considered a moderate or a radical?
Radical
What type of government did Mazzini favour?
Republican
Who did Count Caesar Balbo believe should lead a a federation of Italian states againt the Austrians?
Piedmont
Which king was supported by the ‘Albertisti’ in the 1830s?
Charles Alberto of Piedmont
What is Neo-Guelphism?
The Pope and the Catholic Church lead a national revival
Name the Piedmontese philosopher who believed in Neo-Guelphism?
Abbe Gioberti
Which ‘liberal’ Pope was elected in 1846?
Pius IX
What was the Consulta?
Pius created an elected body of advisors under a new constitution
Which monarch did Massimo d’Azeglio predict could defeat the Austrians and unite northern Italy?
Charles Alberto of Piedmont
Who did Charles Albert, king of Piedmont, join in a customs union and legal reform?
Pope Pius IX and Tuscany
What was the Statuto?
A constitution granted by Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, in 1847.
What did Pius IX do to incite crowds in Rome to chant ‘O sommo Pio’?
Release political prisoners
1/3 of Austrian tax revenue came from which two wealthy Italian states?
Lombardy-Venetia
What happened at Ferrara in 1847?
Austrian troops occupied the town causing the Pope to lodge a formal protest and asking the lord to bless ‘Italia’.
What is subsistence farming?
Farming just enough food to feed oneself. In a good year any surplus may be sold at market.
What caused maize and wheat prices to rise in 1847?
Europe wide harvest failure and shortages
What was the average life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?
24
What did the Sicilians blame their rulers in Naples for in 1836?
Cholera outbreak that killed 65,000
Which city did the Italian revolutions of 1848 break out in?
Palermo, Sicily
Who were the lazzaroni?
Poor peasant masses of Naples
The King of Naples was forced to withdraw from Sicily in 1848 and introduce a constitution. Who was he?
Ferdinand II
Which two states followed Naples and introduced constitutions in February 1848?
Tuscany and the Papal States
What type of monarchy did Charles Albert create in Piedmont?
Constitutional Monarchy
Austria had problems at home too. There were uprisings in the capital city. What was the capital?
Vienna
Where were ‘Five Glorious Days’?
Milan, Lombardy
What did the ‘Five Glorious Days’ achieve in the short term?
Anti Austrian uprising causes General Radetzky to withdraw and gains an alliance with Piedmont
Who set up the Venetian Republic known as the Republic of St Mark?
Daniel Manin
What was Pius’ Allocution of April 1848?
Pius, afraid of upsetting Austria, publically stated that he did not support war, did not want to lead Italy and called Charles Albert an aggressor
What do the Sicilians declare in April that isn’t very pro Italian Unification?
Sicilian independence
After early military wins, how does Charles Albert show a lack of commitment to unity?
Refuses to accept recruits to his army that won’t swear loyalty to him. Garibaldi is refused.
In which battle does Radetzky crush Charles Albert on 24th July?
Custozza, Lombardy
The Piedmontese are expelled from Lombardy on the 11th August, what was the name of the armistice?
Armistice of Salasco
Ferdinand crushes the uprising in Sicily, earning himself what nickname?
King Bomba
Why does the Pope flee Rome in November 1848?
His anti-liberal PM, Count Rossi, is murdered by a mob
Who set up the Costituente in Rome, which later created the Roman Republic?
Giuseppe Galletti
Charles Albert attempted to fight the Austrians again in March 1849, but was defeated where?
Battle of Novara
Name the 3 members of the Roman Triumvirate.
Mazzini, Armellini and Saffi
List the liberal reforms introduced by the Roman Republic.
legal reform, slum clearance, ended press censorship, abolished the death penalty, removed church control of education, promised a constitution
Who replaced Charles Albert when he abdicated in March 1849?
His son, Victor Emmanuel II
Why did Louis Napoleon send 20,000 French troops to defeat the Roman Republic in April?
To help the Catholic Church and gain favour at home
How long did General Giuseppe Garibaldi and the volunteer Republican army hold off the French?
2 months
What was Piedmont’s punishment for supporting revolution against Austria?
Reparations of 65 million francs
Which revolt was the last to fail?
Republic of Venice in August 1849 due to Cholera outbreaks and hunger
Until what date did the French troops stay in Rome protecting the Pope?
1870
