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HCHS A-level History > HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 1 complete > Flashcards

HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 1 complete Flashcards

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1
Q

Who invaded Italy in 1796?

A

French

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2
Q

How many states was Italy divided into under the Napoleon?

A

three

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3
Q

What was the name of French law instituted across Italy?

A

Napoleonic Code

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4
Q

What flag did Napoleon introduce to Italy?

A

Tricolour

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5
Q

How did the French encourage Italian nationalism through the military?

A

Italian regiments

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6
Q

Whose land was sold off to the professional classes in Italy?

A

Roman Catholic Church

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7
Q

Who were the Carbonari?

A

Anti-French Nationalist movement

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8
Q

Who aided the British in Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo?

A

Prussia

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9
Q

What year was Napoleon finally defeated?

A

1814

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10
Q

What was the meeting in 1815 that redistributed Europe after Napoleon’s defeat?

A

Congress of Vienna

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11
Q

Which states did Austria directly control?

A

Lombardy and Venetia

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12
Q

What royal family was given control of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies?

A

Bourbon

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13
Q

Modena, Tuscany and which state were made into duchies under Austrian influence?

A

Parma

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14
Q

Which state remained independent from Austria?

A

Piedmont

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15
Q

Who ran the Papal States?

A

Pope and Catholic Church

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16
Q

What types of governments were most Italian States in 1815?

A

Monarchy

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17
Q

Define reactionary.

A

Returning to the ways of the past.

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18
Q

Define Nationalism in 1820.

A

People of the same race, language, geography, culture and or traditions should be united in an independent nation.

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19
Q

Define Liberalism in 1820.

A

People have some say in government.

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20
Q

Define Radicalism in 1820.

A

Use of violence to achieve aims.

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21
Q

Who was the Austrian premier determined to destroy nationalism and liberalism?

A

Clemens von Metternich

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22
Q

What is a Zealot?

A

Hard line Pope

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23
Q

Define constitutional monarchy.

A

The monarchy retains their role but is answerable to the people.

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24
Q

Define republicanism.

A

No monarch. People have the right to vote for an elected leader.

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25
Q

Define Conservative.

A

To conserve key features, but undergo moderate reform.

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26
Q

What is a federation?

A

Where states join together with a common leadership, but retain some state freedoms.

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27
Q

Who were the Federati?

A

Northern secret society led by a Milanese nobleman, Federico Confalonieri. Anti-Austrian and favoured a constitutional government.

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28
Q

Name the secret society in the Papal States that were anti Austrian and anti-papacy.

A

Spillo Negro (Black Pin)

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29
Q

The trigger for revolutions in 1830, was Charles X abdication in France. Who replaced him?

A

Louis Philippe

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30
Q

What was the aim of most of the revolutions.

A

Gaining a constitution.

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31
Q

Where was the revolt led by Enrico Misley?

A

Modena

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32
Q

What did revolutions in Bologna achieve in the short term?

A

An elected assembly, reformed finance system and fairer legal system.

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33
Q

Who suppressed most of the 1830-32 revolutions?

A

Austrians

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34
Q

List the 6 reasons why the revolutions failed.

A

Localised, moderate, lacked popular support, ill-equipped, French failure and Austrian power

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35
Q

Explain the Risorgimento.

A

National uprising which comes from the Italian people.

36
Q

Why was the medieval writer Dante significant?

A

Talked about ‘Italian’ language and wrote in Italian. Recognised common culture and customs. Hoped a German emperor would one day unite Italy.

37
Q

Who wrote, The Prince, complaining of foreign rule during French occupation in the 15th century.

A

Machiavelli

38
Q

Why is Verdi significant?

A

Anti-Austrian messages through opera.

39
Q

Who were the Congresso degli Scienziata?

A

Congress of Science, spoke in Italian at meetings and encouraged moderate nationalism.

40
Q

What were the Gli Annali and the Politecnico?

A

Journals that stressed the importance of economic growth such as the wine industry Chianti.

41
Q

Who started Young Italy in 1831?

A

Giuseppe Mazzini

42
Q

Was Mazzini considered a moderate or a radical?

A

Radical

43
Q

What type of government did Mazzini favour?

A

Republican

44
Q

Who did Count Caesar Balbo believe should lead a a federation of Italian states againt the Austrians?

A

Piedmont

45
Q

Which king was supported by the ‘Albertisti’ in the 1830s?

A

Charles Alberto of Piedmont

46
Q

What is Neo-Guelphism?

A

The Pope and the Catholic Church lead a national revival

47
Q

Name the Piedmontese philosopher who believed in Neo-Guelphism?

A

Abbe Gioberti

48
Q

Which ‘liberal’ Pope was elected in 1846?

A

Pius IX

49
Q

What was the Consulta?

A

Pius created an elected body of advisors under a new constitution

50
Q

Which monarch did Massimo d’Azeglio predict could defeat the Austrians and unite northern Italy?

A

Charles Alberto of Piedmont

51
Q

Who did Charles Albert, king of Piedmont, join in a customs union and legal reform?

A

Pope Pius IX and Tuscany

52
Q

What was the Statuto?

A

A constitution granted by Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, in 1847.

53
Q

What did Pius IX do to incite crowds in Rome to chant ‘O sommo Pio’?

A

Release political prisoners

54
Q

1/3 of Austrian tax revenue came from which two wealthy Italian states?

A

Lombardy-Venetia

55
Q

What happened at Ferrara in 1847?

A

Austrian troops occupied the town causing the Pope to lodge a formal protest and asking the lord to bless ‘Italia’.

56
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Farming just enough food to feed oneself. In a good year any surplus may be sold at market.

57
Q

What caused maize and wheat prices to rise in 1847?

A

Europe wide harvest failure and shortages

58
Q

What was the average life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

A

24

59
Q

What did the Sicilians blame their rulers in Naples for in 1836?

A

Cholera outbreak that killed 65,000

60
Q

Which city did the Italian revolutions of 1848 break out in?

A

Palermo, Sicily

61
Q

Who were the lazzaroni?

A

Poor peasant masses of Naples

62
Q

The King of Naples was forced to withdraw from Sicily in 1848 and introduce a constitution. Who was he?

A

Ferdinand II

63
Q

Which two states followed Naples and introduced constitutions in February 1848?

A

Tuscany and the Papal States

64
Q

What type of monarchy did Charles Albert create in Piedmont?

A

Constitutional Monarchy

65
Q

Austria had problems at home too. There were uprisings in the capital city. What was the capital?

A

Vienna

66
Q

Where were ‘Five Glorious Days’?

A

Milan, Lombardy

67
Q

What did the ‘Five Glorious Days’ achieve in the short term?

A

Anti Austrian uprising causes General Radetzky to withdraw and gains an alliance with Piedmont

68
Q

Who set up the Venetian Republic known as the Republic of St Mark?

A

Daniel Manin

69
Q

What was Pius’ Allocution of April 1848?

A

Pius, afraid of upsetting Austria, publically stated that he did not support war, did not want to lead Italy and called Charles Albert an aggressor

70
Q

What do the Sicilians declare in April that isn’t very pro Italian Unification?

A

Sicilian independence

71
Q

After early military wins, how does Charles Albert show a lack of commitment to unity?

A

Refuses to accept recruits to his army that won’t swear loyalty to him. Garibaldi is refused.

72
Q

In which battle does Radetzky crush Charles Albert on 24th July?

A

Custozza, Lombardy

73
Q

The Piedmontese are expelled from Lombardy on the 11th August, what was the name of the armistice?

A

Armistice of Salasco

74
Q

Ferdinand crushes the uprising in Sicily, earning himself what nickname?

A

King Bomba

75
Q

Why does the Pope flee Rome in November 1848?

A

His anti-liberal PM, Count Rossi, is murdered by a mob

76
Q

Who set up the Costituente in Rome, which later created the Roman Republic?

A

Giuseppe Galletti

77
Q

Charles Albert attempted to fight the Austrians again in March 1849, but was defeated where?

A

Battle of Novara

78
Q

Name the 3 members of the Roman Triumvirate.

A

Mazzini, Armellini and Saffi

79
Q

List the liberal reforms introduced by the Roman Republic.

A

legal reform, slum clearance, ended press censorship, abolished the death penalty, removed church control of education, promised a constitution

80
Q

Who replaced Charles Albert when he abdicated in March 1849?

A

His son, Victor Emmanuel II

81
Q

Why did Louis Napoleon send 20,000 French troops to defeat the Roman Republic in April?

A

To help the Catholic Church and gain favour at home

82
Q

How long did General Giuseppe Garibaldi and the volunteer Republican army hold off the French?

A

2 months

83
Q

What was Piedmont’s punishment for supporting revolution against Austria?

A

Reparations of 65 million francs

84
Q

Which revolt was the last to fail?

A

Republic of Venice in August 1849 due to Cholera outbreaks and hunger

85
Q

Until what date did the French troops stay in Rome protecting the Pope?

A

1870

HCHS A-level History (20 decks)

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