HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 2 Flashcards
Who was the king of Piedmont in 1848?
Charles Albert
What was the Statuto?
Constitution
Why did Charles Albert abdicate?
Loss against Austria in Lombardy
Who succeeded Charles Albert in 1848?
His son, Victor Emmanuel II
Why did Austria allow Piedmont to keep the Statuto? (2 reasons)
Austrian fear of uprisings and upsetting the liberal French
What was the difference between the upper and lower house in parliament?
Upper = appointed by King, Lower = elected
Give two reasons why thousands of liberals fled to Piedmont in the 1850s.
Free press, Statuto, legal equality
Give the main reason why Mazzini lost support in the 1850s.
too radical - still trying to push a republic
Why was radicalism less popular in the 1850s?
failed attempts caused some radicals to lose faith, fear of upsetting foreigners, constitutional monarch seemed more viable.
Where were 20,000 French troops stationed throughout the 1850s? (up to 1870)
Rome
The pope excommunicated all revolutions and revolutionaries. What does this mean?
Not allowed to be members of the Catholic Church.
Other than Rome, what other foreigner is still in Italy and where?
Austria in Lombardy and Venetia, with influence over the Duchies
What powers did king Victor Emmanuel retain despite the Statuto?
Appointed and sacked ministers and controlled the army.
Who was the first prime minister of Piedmont in 1849?
Massimo d’Azeglio
Name two Siccardi Laws.
no separate law courts for clergy, no sanctuary in church for criminals, property restricted, reduction in feast days.
What was a Concordat?
seeking and gaining church approval
The king supported many anti-clerical reforms, but which one pushed him and the centre right too far?
Civil Marriage Law
D’Azeglio’s church reforms were unpopular. Who orchestrated his replacement by Rattazzi?
Count Cavour
What was the Connubio?
An alliance between the centre left and right in the Chamber of Deputies
After organising the Connubio and solving the crisis over the Church, what was Cavour appointed?
Prime minister
What reforms did Cavour make to the church in the mid 1850s?
152 monasteries, that could not prove their contributions to charity, were closed
What impact did Cavour’s early church reforms have? (one good, one bad)
(+) confiscated church funds, reduced church influence (-) upset the king and right of the Senate, forced Cavour’s temporary resignation
In which state was Cavour born in 1811?
Piedmont
Cavour went to military school and spent some time in the army before entering politics. What reputation did he develop?
rebel
Visits to Britain and France sparked Cavour’s interest in which areas of the economy?
industrial cities, railways and banking systems
Whilst running his family estate in the 1830s, he continued to study economics and wrote books. What key institution did he help set up in Turin?
Bank of Turin
How did Cavour take advantage of Charles Albert’s free press in 1847?
Started his own publication Il Risorgimento and used it to publicise his non-revolutionary political ideas
Name 3 events Cavour used to gain personal power.
Connubio, appointment of Rattazzi, stabilising government post 1857 by sacking Rattazzi and allying with the right.
Why did Cavour temporarily resign in 1855?
Over opposition to his church reforms.
How did the Cavour stabilise government after 1857?
Sacked Rattazzi, stopped attacking the church and allied with the right.
Radicals rose up in Milan against the Austrians in 1853, how did Cavour respond?
Warned the Austrians and gained their favour
Piscane attempted a Mazzinian uprising in Naples in 1857, which failed. How did Cavour use this failure?
Cavour used failures to prove the unviability of republics and then persecute Mazzinian supporters in Piedmont, hence removing their threat.
Name two examples of how Cavour developed Piedmontese industry and commerce.
government subsidies, electric telegraph, canals
Name two Trade Agreements that Cavour organised.
Free trade with Belgium, France, Britain; foreign loans; foreign investment (e.g. railway and Cenis Tunnel)
Suggest two ways Cavour developed Piedmontese infrastructure.
The Sicilia, first Italian steam ship, modernised Port of Genoa, railway through Piedmont and international links, Mount Cenis tunnel, telegraph
What were the negative results of Cavour’s economic reforms?
Increase in public debt, high interest foreign loans (especially to French)
Was Piedmont’s foreign policy pro Italian Nationalism?
Not exactly, more anti-Austrian and pro Piedmontese expansion
What did Cavour consider the most important necessity to defeat the Austrians in the north?
A foreign ally
Why was 1850+ considered a good time to challenge the Austrians?
They appeared weakened by revolution, nationalist uprisings, Prussia’s economic challenge
Where is the Crimean peninsula?
Off of the tip of the Ukraine in the Black Sea
Who were Britain, France and Turkey fighting to protect Crimea 1854-56?
Russia
Why did Cavour send Piedmontese troops to Crimea in 1855?
To gain a foreign ally
Why did the Crimean War make Piedmont look good and Austria look bad?
Austria remained neutral, which Britain and France resented
Which powerful president’s acquaintance did Cavour make at the Congress of Paris at the end of the Crimean War in 1856?
Louis Napoleon of France
