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HCHS A-level History > HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 2 > Flashcards

HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the king of Piedmont in 1848?

A

Charles Albert

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2
Q

What was the Statuto?

A

Constitution

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3
Q

Why did Charles Albert abdicate?

A

Loss against Austria in Lombardy

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4
Q

Who succeeded Charles Albert in 1848?

A

His son, Victor Emmanuel II

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5
Q

Why did Austria allow Piedmont to keep the Statuto? (2 reasons)

A

Austrian fear of uprisings and upsetting the liberal French

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6
Q

What was the difference between the upper and lower house in parliament?

A

Upper = appointed by King, Lower = elected

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7
Q

Give two reasons why thousands of liberals fled to Piedmont in the 1850s.

A

Free press, Statuto, legal equality

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8
Q

Give the main reason why Mazzini lost support in the 1850s.

A

too radical - still trying to push a republic

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9
Q

Why was radicalism less popular in the 1850s?

A

failed attempts caused some radicals to lose faith, fear of upsetting foreigners, constitutional monarch seemed more viable.

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10
Q

Where were 20,000 French troops stationed throughout the 1850s? (up to 1870)

A

Rome

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11
Q

The pope excommunicated all revolutions and revolutionaries. What does this mean?

A

Not allowed to be members of the Catholic Church.

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12
Q

Other than Rome, what other foreigner is still in Italy and where?

A

Austria in Lombardy and Venetia, with influence over the Duchies

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13
Q

What powers did king Victor Emmanuel retain despite the Statuto?

A

Appointed and sacked ministers and controlled the army.

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14
Q

Who was the first prime minister of Piedmont in 1849?

A

Massimo d’Azeglio

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15
Q

Name two Siccardi Laws.

A

no separate law courts for clergy, no sanctuary in church for criminals, property restricted, reduction in feast days.

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16
Q

What was a Concordat?

A

seeking and gaining church approval

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17
Q

The king supported many anti-clerical reforms, but which one pushed him and the centre right too far?

A

Civil Marriage Law

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18
Q

D’Azeglio’s church reforms were unpopular. Who orchestrated his replacement by Rattazzi?

A

Count Cavour

19
Q

What was the Connubio?

A

An alliance between the centre left and right in the Chamber of Deputies

20
Q

After organising the Connubio and solving the crisis over the Church, what was Cavour appointed?

A

Prime minister

21
Q

What reforms did Cavour make to the church in the mid 1850s?

A

152 monasteries, that could not prove their contributions to charity, were closed

22
Q

What impact did Cavour’s early church reforms have? (one good, one bad)

A

(+) confiscated church funds, reduced church influence (-) upset the king and right of the Senate, forced Cavour’s temporary resignation

23
Q

In which state was Cavour born in 1811?

A

Piedmont

24
Q

Cavour went to military school and spent some time in the army before entering politics. What reputation did he develop?

A

rebel

25
Q

Visits to Britain and France sparked Cavour’s interest in which areas of the economy?

A

industrial cities, railways and banking systems

26
Q

Whilst running his family estate in the 1830s, he continued to study economics and wrote books. What key institution did he help set up in Turin?

A

Bank of Turin

27
Q

How did Cavour take advantage of Charles Albert’s free press in 1847?

A

Started his own publication Il Risorgimento and used it to publicise his non-revolutionary political ideas

28
Q

Name 3 events Cavour used to gain personal power.

A

Connubio, appointment of Rattazzi, stabilising government post 1857 by sacking Rattazzi and allying with the right.

29
Q

Why did Cavour temporarily resign in 1855?

A

Over opposition to his church reforms.

30
Q

How did the Cavour stabilise government after 1857?

A

Sacked Rattazzi, stopped attacking the church and allied with the right.

31
Q

Radicals rose up in Milan against the Austrians in 1853, how did Cavour respond?

A

Warned the Austrians and gained their favour

32
Q

Piscane attempted a Mazzinian uprising in Naples in 1857, which failed. How did Cavour use this failure?

A

Cavour used failures to prove the unviability of republics and then persecute Mazzinian supporters in Piedmont, hence removing their threat.

33
Q

Name two examples of how Cavour developed Piedmontese industry and commerce.

A

government subsidies, electric telegraph, canals

34
Q

Name two Trade Agreements that Cavour organised.

A

Free trade with Belgium, France, Britain; foreign loans; foreign investment (e.g. railway and Cenis Tunnel)

35
Q

Suggest two ways Cavour developed Piedmontese infrastructure.

A

The Sicilia, first Italian steam ship, modernised Port of Genoa, railway through Piedmont and international links, Mount Cenis tunnel, telegraph

36
Q

What were the negative results of Cavour’s economic reforms?

A

Increase in public debt, high interest foreign loans (especially to French)

37
Q

Was Piedmont’s foreign policy pro Italian Nationalism?

A

Not exactly, more anti-Austrian and pro Piedmontese expansion

38
Q

What did Cavour consider the most important necessity to defeat the Austrians in the north?

A

A foreign ally

39
Q

Why was 1850+ considered a good time to challenge the Austrians?

A

They appeared weakened by revolution, nationalist uprisings, Prussia’s economic challenge

40
Q

Where is the Crimean peninsula?

A

Off of the tip of the Ukraine in the Black Sea

41
Q

Who were Britain, France and Turkey fighting to protect Crimea 1854-56?

A

Russia

42
Q

Why did Cavour send Piedmontese troops to Crimea in 1855?

A

To gain a foreign ally

43
Q

Why did the Crimean War make Piedmont look good and Austria look bad?

A

Austria remained neutral, which Britain and France resented

44
Q

Which powerful president’s acquaintance did Cavour make at the Congress of Paris at the end of the Crimean War in 1856?

A

Louis Napoleon of France

HCHS A-level History (20 decks)

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