HCHS Germany: A LEVEL UNIT 3 - Social Change Flashcards
Due to rapid industrialisation from 1871 what particular artisans industries closed completely?
dyeing and weaving
What percent did one-man artisan businesses drop by between 1882-85?
13.50%
Trades were organised into what? And what were these a link to?
guilds and they were a link to the past and a reassuring symbol of continuity
Why were the Mittelstand an angry section of society?
felt unsupported by political elites as they lacked a signle political party which represented their views and were overshadowed by the growth of the working class
In 1897 what did the gov introduce in an attempt to win them over?
Craft laws
who made up the Mittelstand? and during the early 1920s who did they support?
skilled craftsmen, small business owners and shopkeepers, supported the Nazi party
what did the 25 Point Programme (the original Nazi manifesto) say
anti-communist, policies support small traders, large business could be shut down and premises given to smaller traders at a reduced rate
Skilled workers made up what % of the Nazi Party membership in 1920s? Despite being what % of the population?
33% and 27%
what % of artisan businesses rose because of Nazi party formations having to order boots and uniforms from artisans 1931-36?
20%
Who was protected from competition and why was this?
Highly skilled artisans as Nazis reduced employment of low-paid, unskilled workers, any new artisanal shop had to get state permission to be allowed to open
Heavy industry remained more important than artisans (due to war prep) what % of artisan businesses declined from 1936-39?
11%
By 1955 how many Germans were employed in artisan trades and what was the increase of this from 1939?
3.5 million, 1 million increase
artisans were given speical status after the Marshall Plan what did this mean?
they could oversee the organisation and training of skilled workers
What trades supported big industry?
skilled metalwork
Cooperation of big. Industry with the artisans combined with what built a strong reputationn for West German exports?
mass production with skilled craftsman
In 1900 how much of national income was made up by agriculture?
30%
How much did German workers in agriculture decline between 1871-1989?
47%
When was the Junker-backed Agrarian League form?
1893
Where had farming practices improved in 1920’s?
Holland and Denmark
What did the slump in farming lead to for farmers?
Widespread bankruptcy and farm closures
In Weimar what was there a shortage of?
food
When did the Nazi’s introduce laws to protect farms from being forcibly sold?
1933
Why did peasantry continue to decline in Nazi Germany?
major industrial developments
What were farmers continually pressured to do during the WW2?
increase yields
What did farmers benefit from after WW2?
mechanisation and improved farm practices
What did the West German government subsidise?
Farming machinery
Between 1950-60 what percentage of the workforce did farmers decline by?
50%
Which party became the largest in 1912
SPD
With how many votes did the SPD win the 1912 election
4 million
When did Prince Maz come to power
28th October 1918
What did the Ebert Groner pact do
The military helped crush the 1918-23 riots; military had a foot in the door
What was President Hindenburg
A Junker
A famous example of Junkers undermining gov
Von Seeckt refusing to fire on Friekorps; Wolfgang Kapp took over for 3 days
What year did Prince Max abdicate
9th November 1918
In what year did military leaders attemot to assasinate Hitler
1944
Hitlers response to the 1944 assasination attempt
Reprisal attacks 5000 murdered
What year did Hitler become Fuhrer
Aug-34
How did Hitler win the support of the Junkers
Night of the Long knives
What happened to Junker houses after WW2
Aristocratic houses deystroyed in bombings
Where was Junker land post WW2
Prussia - now split between Poland and East Germany
What happened to Junker land in East Germany
Given up and turned into state farms
What did hitler remove from cabinet
Powerful Junkers
How cpuld Junkers control Bismarck gov
Junkers in Bundesrat could veto legislation from the Reichstag
Negative to the Junkers on unification
Had to spread influence in Prussia across all states
What did Sickness Insurance (1883) provide?
13 weeks’ pay to 3 million workers
How much did the average wage increase by between 1895 and 1913?
25%
What percentage of households lived in destitution under the Kaiserreich?
30%
Name two rights granted to workers by the Weimar Constitution
Equal rights with employers in determining working conditions, 8-hour working day
What percentage did real wages increase by in 1928 and 1929?
12%, 9%
How many Germans were unemployed by January 1933?
9 million
What percentage did the working class increase by between 1929 and 1933?
10%
Name two rights workers lost under the Nazis
Trade unions, the ability to strike
How many KdF holidays were taken by 1938?
10 million
What happened to the percentage of workers remaining in rural communities between 1950 and 1970?
It decreased from 23.1% to 8.3%
How many guest workers were recruited by the FRG in total?
14 million
When did the FRG’s guest worker scheme end?
1973
How much did the number of white collar workers grow by between 1882-1907?
4.7% to 10%
What group was formed in 1901 by white collar political groups?
Co-ordinating Committee
Describe white-collar workers.
Well-educated and enjoyed better pay, housing and health than manual labourers. Essentially the ‘child of artisans’
What did the Co-ordinating Committee argue for during Bismarck’s Germany?
State insurance for white collar workers (one diferrent to what was offered to workers)
When were white collar workers successful in obtaining state insurance?
1911
Between 1891 and 1913, the number of teachers and the number of doctors grew by how much?
43% for teachers and doctors doubled
When did hyperinflation occur which hit the white collar workers hard?
1921-23
The number of white collar workers did what between 1907-25 whilst blue collar workers increased by how much?
White collar workers doubled, blue collar workers increased by 20%
How many white collar workers had no employment during Weimar Germany?
90,000
How many white collar workers were unemployed in 1928?
183,371
Between 1924-29, what did white collar workers not enjoy which other members of the working class did?
Increased real wages
what percentage of university graduates were unemployed by 1933 which caused lead to increasing antagonism
60%
what percentage of members in the nazi party were white collar workers from 1929-32
20%
how many weeks notice did white collar workers have when being sacked compared to blue collar workers
blue collar 6 weeks, white collar 1 week
how over represented were white collar workers in comparisipon to blue collar workers by the end of 1933
65% over represented for white collar workers and 35% underrepresented for blue collar workers
how much did the white collar worker population grow from 1933-1939
25%
how much did white collar workers wages increase during the nazi period
10%
what percentage of the population was white collar workers by 1980?
35%
what happened to wages between 1950-64 for white collar workers?
doubled
what law of 1952 transferred DM90,000 million to those who had suffered most from the war?
The Equalisation of Burden’s Law
what percentage of wage owners were car owners in 1950 compared to 1960?
1950=9%, 1960=50%
how many were employed by the service industry by 1989?
66%
