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HCHS A-level History > HCHS Germany: A LEVEL UNIT 3 - Social Change > Flashcards

HCHS Germany: A LEVEL UNIT 3 - Social Change Flashcards

1
Q

Due to rapid industrialisation from 1871 what particular artisans industries closed completely?

A

dyeing and weaving

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2
Q

What percent did one-man artisan businesses drop by between 1882-85?

A

13.50%

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3
Q

Trades were organised into what? And what were these a link to?

A

guilds and they were a link to the past and a reassuring symbol of continuity

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4
Q

Why were the Mittelstand an angry section of society?

A

felt unsupported by political elites as they lacked a signle political party which represented their views and were overshadowed by the growth of the working class

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5
Q

In 1897 what did the gov introduce in an attempt to win them over?

A

Craft laws

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6
Q

who made up the Mittelstand? and during the early 1920s who did they support?

A

skilled craftsmen, small business owners and shopkeepers, supported the Nazi party

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7
Q

what did the 25 Point Programme (the original Nazi manifesto) say

A

anti-communist, policies support small traders, large business could be shut down and premises given to smaller traders at a reduced rate

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8
Q

Skilled workers made up what % of the Nazi Party membership in 1920s? Despite being what % of the population?

A

33% and 27%

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9
Q

what % of artisan businesses rose because of Nazi party formations having to order boots and uniforms from artisans 1931-36?

A

20%

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10
Q

Who was protected from competition and why was this?

A

Highly skilled artisans as Nazis reduced employment of low-paid, unskilled workers, any new artisanal shop had to get state permission to be allowed to open

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11
Q

Heavy industry remained more important than artisans (due to war prep) what % of artisan businesses declined from 1936-39?

A

11%

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12
Q

By 1955 how many Germans were employed in artisan trades and what was the increase of this from 1939?

A

3.5 million, 1 million increase

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13
Q

artisans were given speical status after the Marshall Plan what did this mean?

A

they could oversee the organisation and training of skilled workers

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14
Q

What trades supported big industry?

A

skilled metalwork

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15
Q

Cooperation of big. Industry with the artisans combined with what built a strong reputationn for West German exports?

A

mass production with skilled craftsman

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16
Q

In 1900 how much of national income was made up by agriculture?

A

30%

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17
Q

How much did German workers in agriculture decline between 1871-1989?

A

47%

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18
Q

When was the Junker-backed Agrarian League form?

A

1893

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19
Q

Where had farming practices improved in 1920’s?

A

Holland and Denmark

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20
Q

What did the slump in farming lead to for farmers?

A

Widespread bankruptcy and farm closures

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21
Q

In Weimar what was there a shortage of?

A

food

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22
Q

When did the Nazi’s introduce laws to protect farms from being forcibly sold?

A

1933

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23
Q

Why did peasantry continue to decline in Nazi Germany?

A

major industrial developments

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24
Q

What were farmers continually pressured to do during the WW2?

A

increase yields

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25
Q

What did farmers benefit from after WW2?

A

mechanisation and improved farm practices

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26
Q

What did the West German government subsidise?

A

Farming machinery

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27
Q

Between 1950-60 what percentage of the workforce did farmers decline by?

A

50%

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28
Q

Which party became the largest in 1912

A

SPD

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29
Q

With how many votes did the SPD win the 1912 election

A

4 million

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30
Q

When did Prince Maz come to power

A

28th October 1918

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31
Q

What did the Ebert Groner pact do

A

The military helped crush the 1918-23 riots; military had a foot in the door

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32
Q

What was President Hindenburg

A

A Junker

33
Q

A famous example of Junkers undermining gov

A

Von Seeckt refusing to fire on Friekorps; Wolfgang Kapp took over for 3 days

34
Q

What year did Prince Max abdicate

A

9th November 1918

35
Q

In what year did military leaders attemot to assasinate Hitler

A

1944

36
Q

Hitlers response to the 1944 assasination attempt

A

Reprisal attacks 5000 murdered

37
Q

What year did Hitler become Fuhrer

A

Aug-34

38
Q

How did Hitler win the support of the Junkers

A

Night of the Long knives

39
Q

What happened to Junker houses after WW2

A

Aristocratic houses deystroyed in bombings

40
Q

Where was Junker land post WW2

A

Prussia - now split between Poland and East Germany

41
Q

What happened to Junker land in East Germany

A

Given up and turned into state farms

42
Q

What did hitler remove from cabinet

A

Powerful Junkers

43
Q

How cpuld Junkers control Bismarck gov

A

Junkers in Bundesrat could veto legislation from the Reichstag

44
Q

Negative to the Junkers on unification

A

Had to spread influence in Prussia across all states

45
Q

What did Sickness Insurance (1883) provide?

A

13 weeks’ pay to 3 million workers

46
Q

How much did the average wage increase by between 1895 and 1913?

A

25%

47
Q

What percentage of households lived in destitution under the Kaiserreich?

A

30%

48
Q

Name two rights granted to workers by the Weimar Constitution

A

Equal rights with employers in determining working conditions, 8-hour working day

49
Q

What percentage did real wages increase by in 1928 and 1929?

A

12%, 9%

50
Q

How many Germans were unemployed by January 1933?

A

9 million

51
Q

What percentage did the working class increase by between 1929 and 1933?

A

10%

52
Q

Name two rights workers lost under the Nazis

A

Trade unions, the ability to strike

53
Q

How many KdF holidays were taken by 1938?

A

10 million

54
Q

What happened to the percentage of workers remaining in rural communities between 1950 and 1970?

A

It decreased from 23.1% to 8.3%

55
Q

How many guest workers were recruited by the FRG in total?

A

14 million

56
Q

When did the FRG’s guest worker scheme end?

A

1973

57
Q

How much did the number of white collar workers grow by between 1882-1907?

A

4.7% to 10%

58
Q

What group was formed in 1901 by white collar political groups?

A

Co-ordinating Committee

59
Q

Describe white-collar workers.

A

Well-educated and enjoyed better pay, housing and health than manual labourers. Essentially the ‘child of artisans’

60
Q

What did the Co-ordinating Committee argue for during Bismarck’s Germany?

A

State insurance for white collar workers (one diferrent to what was offered to workers)

61
Q

When were white collar workers successful in obtaining state insurance?

A

1911

62
Q

Between 1891 and 1913, the number of teachers and the number of doctors grew by how much?

A

43% for teachers and doctors doubled

63
Q

When did hyperinflation occur which hit the white collar workers hard?

A

1921-23

64
Q

The number of white collar workers did what between 1907-25 whilst blue collar workers increased by how much?

A

White collar workers doubled, blue collar workers increased by 20%

65
Q

How many white collar workers had no employment during Weimar Germany?

A

90,000

66
Q

How many white collar workers were unemployed in 1928?

A

183,371

67
Q

Between 1924-29, what did white collar workers not enjoy which other members of the working class did?

A

Increased real wages

68
Q

what percentage of university graduates were unemployed by 1933 which caused lead to increasing antagonism

A

60%

69
Q

what percentage of members in the nazi party were white collar workers from 1929-32

A

20%

70
Q

how many weeks notice did white collar workers have when being sacked compared to blue collar workers

A

blue collar 6 weeks, white collar 1 week

71
Q

how over represented were white collar workers in comparisipon to blue collar workers by the end of 1933

A

65% over represented for white collar workers and 35% underrepresented for blue collar workers

72
Q

how much did the white collar worker population grow from 1933-1939

A

25%

73
Q

how much did white collar workers wages increase during the nazi period

A

10%

74
Q

what percentage of the population was white collar workers by 1980?

A

35%

75
Q

what happened to wages between 1950-64 for white collar workers?

A

doubled

76
Q

what law of 1952 transferred DM90,000 million to those who had suffered most from the war?

A

The Equalisation of Burden’s Law

77
Q

what percentage of wage owners were car owners in 1950 compared to 1960?

A

1950=9%, 1960=50%

78
Q

how many were employed by the service industry by 1989?

A

66%

HCHS A-level History (20 decks)

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