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HCHS A-level History > HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 3 > Flashcards

HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define to annex.

A

To take over and unite with another piece of land.

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2
Q

Who were the Garibaldini?

A

Garibaldi’s Red Shirt volunteer army.

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3
Q

Where was Garibaldi born?

A

Nice

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4
Q

Who did Garibaldi meet in France in the 1830s and who influenced his political ideas?

A

Mazzini

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5
Q

Where did Garibaldi learn guerrilla warfare as part of a rebel army?

A

Uruguay vs Argentina

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6
Q

Why was it surprising that Garibaldi offered his services to Charles Albert in 1848?

A

Garibaldi was a republican.

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7
Q

Where was Garibaldi instrumental in the 1848-9 Revolutions?

A

Roman Republic

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8
Q

What did Garibaldi offer his men if they followed his escape from Rome in 1849?

A

Hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death’

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9
Q

Who invited Garibaldi to discuss plans for war with Austria in 1859?

A

Cavour

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10
Q

What was the northern campaign Garibaldi waged in the Second War of Independence?

A

Alpine Campaign

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11
Q

How was Garibaldi betrayed by the Treaty of Villafranca?

A

His hometown of Nice was given to France

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12
Q

Rather than attack France, Mazzini convinced Garibaldi support a Young Italy uprising where?

A

Sicily

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13
Q

What were Garibaldi’s volunteers called in this campaign?

A

The Thousand

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14
Q

Why was Cavour reluctant to support Garibaldi? (Two reasons)

A

Cavour did not want to upset the French and was could not see the advantage of unifying with the poor south

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15
Q

Why didn’t Cavour stop Garibaldi’s campaign in the South?

A

Garibaldi was too popular with the people.

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16
Q

Garibaldi, with growing local support, defeated which army in the Sicily?

A

Neapolitan (Naples)

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17
Q

Why did Cavour suppress some peasant revolts in Sicily?

A

Garibaldi wanted to stabilise Sicily so that he could invade the mainland

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18
Q

Cavour was too slow to stop Garibaldi, when did Garibaldi take Naples?

A

September 1860

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19
Q

What did ‘Rome or death’ mean?

A

Garibaldi’s commitment to take Rome for Italy

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20
Q

How many men did Garibaldi have to march on the Papal States?

A

60,000

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21
Q

How did Cavour stop Garibaldi?

A

Piedmontese army and Victor Emmanuel intercepted Garibaldi, Garibaldi agreed to their terms.

22
Q

Who was the first ‘King of Italy’?

A

Victor Emmanuel II

23
Q

How did Cavour justify annexing the South?

A

Plebiscites

24
Q

Garibaldi retired to Caprera, why was he disappointed with Italy?

A

No Rome

25
Q

What was missing from Italian unification in 1861?

A

Rome and Venetia

26
Q

Define opportunist

A

to make the most out of a situation to one’s advantage

27
Q

What was the Quadrilateral?

A

4 formidable Austrian fortifications in Lombardy

28
Q

Define plebiscite

A

a national vote on a particular issue

29
Q

Define exile

A

To be expelled from a country as a threat

30
Q

What years were the Crimean War?

A

1854-56

31
Q

Who did Piedmont join in the Crimean War against Russia?

A

Britain and France

32
Q

What was the National Society?

A

Pro-Italian exiles escaped to Piedmont and joined in a group to promote their ideas.

33
Q

What did the National Society stand for?

A

Austria out and some level of unification under Piedmont. (No longer pro republic after 1860).

34
Q

Which leader of the National Society was invited to meet Cavour in 1856?

A

Manin

35
Q

Who was Niagra?

A

Premier Cavour’s trusted advisor and confident. He negotiated with the French.

36
Q

Give TWO personal reasons why Napoleon supported Italian nationalism.

A

Lived there in his youth, pro-liberalism, felt badly for sending troops into Rome in 1849.

37
Q

Give TWO political reasons why Napoleon supported Italian nationalism.

A

Weaken Austria, gain support at home, power in Europe, gain a southern European ally.

38
Q

What was the Orsini plot?

A

Count Felice Orsini plotted the assassination of Napoleon in the name of Italian nationalism.

39
Q

When was the secret Plombieres meeting between Napoleon and Cavour?

A

July 1858

40
Q

What terms of the Plombieres meeting show Cavour as an opportunist?

A

For French help, Cavour accepted the unification of Italy into four blocks and gave France Nice and Savoy.

41
Q

Why did Austria declare war on Piedmont in April 1859?

A

Piedmont mobilised troops on the Lombardy border.

42
Q

What were the two main battles of the Second War of Independence?

A

Solferino and Magenta

43
Q

Where did the Austrians retreat to after losing the first battle?

A

The Quadrilateral

44
Q

Why did Napoleon sue for peace without Piedmont’s consent?

A

High casualty rates, difficulty of defeating the Austrians in the Quadrilateral, fear of Prussians joining

45
Q

What treaties ended the war of 1859?

A

Villafranca ended war, Zurich agreed the terms

46
Q

How did the National Society take advantage of the war?

A

Organised demonstrations in the Grand Duchies and created provisional governments with links to Piedmont

47
Q

Name THREE reasons why Cavour resigned in disgust.

A

Piedmont ignored, Lombardy given to France (to be given to Piedmont), No Venetia, Grand Duchies squashed

48
Q

Who gave France Savoy and Nice, even though not all of the terms of Plombieres were met?

A

Cavour! He came back to leadership in January 1860

49
Q

How did Cavour justify giving France these ‘Italian’ cities?

A

Plebicites

50
Q

Cavour arranged the annexation of the Central Duchies. How did he justify this?

A

Plebicites

HCHS A-level History (20 decks)

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