HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 3

Question 1

Define to annex.

Answer 1

To take over and unite with another piece of land.

Question 2

Who were the Garibaldini?

Answer 2

Garibaldi’s Red Shirt volunteer army.

Question 3

Where was Garibaldi born?

Answer 3

Nice

Question 4

Who did Garibaldi meet in France in the 1830s and who influenced his political ideas?

Answer 4

Mazzini

Question 5

Where did Garibaldi learn guerrilla warfare as part of a rebel army?

Answer 5

Uruguay vs Argentina

Question 6

Why was it surprising that Garibaldi offered his services to Charles Albert in 1848?

Answer 6

Garibaldi was a republican.

Question 7

Where was Garibaldi instrumental in the 1848-9 Revolutions?

Answer 7

Roman Republic

Question 8

What did Garibaldi offer his men if they followed his escape from Rome in 1849?

Answer 8

Hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death’

Question 9

Who invited Garibaldi to discuss plans for war with Austria in 1859?

Answer 9

Cavour

Question 10

What was the northern campaign Garibaldi waged in the Second War of Independence?

Answer 10

Alpine Campaign

Question 11

How was Garibaldi betrayed by the Treaty of Villafranca?

Answer 11

His hometown of Nice was given to France

Question 12

Rather than attack France, Mazzini convinced Garibaldi support a Young Italy uprising where?

Answer 12

Sicily

Question 13

What were Garibaldi’s volunteers called in this campaign?

Answer 13

The Thousand

Question 14

Why was Cavour reluctant to support Garibaldi? (Two reasons)

Answer 14

Cavour did not want to upset the French and was could not see the advantage of unifying with the poor south

Question 15

Why didn’t Cavour stop Garibaldi’s campaign in the South?

Answer 15

Garibaldi was too popular with the people.

Question 16

Garibaldi, with growing local support, defeated which army in the Sicily?

Answer 16

Neapolitan (Naples)

Question 17

Why did Cavour suppress some peasant revolts in Sicily?

Answer 17

Garibaldi wanted to stabilise Sicily so that he could invade the mainland

Question 18

Cavour was too slow to stop Garibaldi, when did Garibaldi take Naples?

Answer 18

September 1860

Question 19

What did ‘Rome or death’ mean?

Answer 19

Garibaldi’s commitment to take Rome for Italy

Question 20

How many men did Garibaldi have to march on the Papal States?

Answer 20

60,000

Question 21

How did Cavour stop Garibaldi?

Answer 21

Piedmontese army and Victor Emmanuel intercepted Garibaldi, Garibaldi agreed to their terms.

Question 22

Who was the first ‘King of Italy’?

Answer 22

Victor Emmanuel II

Question 23

How did Cavour justify annexing the South?

Answer 23

Plebiscites

Question 24

Garibaldi retired to Caprera, why was he disappointed with Italy?

Answer 24

No Rome

Question 25

What was missing from Italian unification in 1861?

Answer 25

Rome and Venetia

Question 26

Define opportunist

Answer 26

to make the most out of a situation to one's advantage

Question 27

What was the Quadrilateral?

Answer 27

4 formidable Austrian fortifications in Lombardy

Question 28

Define plebiscite

Answer 28

a national vote on a particular issue

Question 29

Define exile

Answer 29

To be expelled from a country as a threat

Question 30

What years were the Crimean War?

Answer 30

1854-56

Question 31

Who did Piedmont join in the Crimean War against Russia?

Answer 31

Britain and France

Question 32

What was the National Society?

Answer 32

Pro-Italian exiles escaped to Piedmont and joined in a group to promote their ideas.

Question 33

What did the National Society stand for?

Answer 33

Austria out and some level of unification under Piedmont. (No longer pro republic after 1860).

Question 34

Which leader of the National Society was invited to meet Cavour in 1856?

Answer 34

Manin

Question 35

Who was Niagra?

Answer 35

Premier Cavour's trusted advisor and confident. He negotiated with the French.

Question 36

Give TWO personal reasons why Napoleon supported Italian nationalism.

Answer 36

Lived there in his youth, pro-liberalism, felt badly for sending troops into Rome in 1849.

Question 37

Give TWO political reasons why Napoleon supported Italian nationalism.

Answer 37

Weaken Austria, gain support at home, power in Europe, gain a southern European ally.

Question 38

What was the Orsini plot?

Answer 38

Count Felice Orsini plotted the assassination of Napoleon in the name of Italian nationalism.

Question 39

When was the secret Plombieres meeting between Napoleon and Cavour?

Answer 39

July 1858

Question 40

What terms of the Plombieres meeting show Cavour as an opportunist?

Answer 40

For French help, Cavour accepted the unification of Italy into four blocks and gave France Nice and Savoy.

Question 41

Why did Austria declare war on Piedmont in April 1859?

Answer 41

Piedmont mobilised troops on the Lombardy border.

Question 42

What were the two main battles of the Second War of Independence?

Answer 42

Solferino and Magenta

Question 43

Where did the Austrians retreat to after losing the first battle?

Answer 43

The Quadrilateral

Question 44

Why did Napoleon sue for peace without Piedmont's consent?

Answer 44

High casualty rates, difficulty of defeating the Austrians in the Quadrilateral, fear of Prussians joining

Question 45

What treaties ended the war of 1859?

Answer 45

Villafranca ended war, Zurich agreed the terms

Question 46

How did the National Society take advantage of the war?

Answer 46

Organised demonstrations in the Grand Duchies and created provisional governments with links to Piedmont

Question 47

Name THREE reasons why Cavour resigned in disgust.

Answer 47

Piedmont ignored, Lombardy given to France (to be given to Piedmont), No Venetia, Grand Duchies squashed

Question 48

Who gave France Savoy and Nice, even though not all of the terms of Plombieres were met?

Answer 48

Cavour! He came back to leadership in January 1860

Question 49

How did Cavour justify giving France these 'Italian' cities?

Answer 49

Plebicites

Question 50

Cavour arranged the annexation of the Central Duchies. How did he justify this?

Answer 50

Plebicites