HCHS Italy: A LEVEL UNIT 2 - Booklet 3 Flashcards
Define to annex.
To take over and unite with another piece of land.
Who were the Garibaldini?
Garibaldi’s Red Shirt volunteer army.
Where was Garibaldi born?
Nice
Who did Garibaldi meet in France in the 1830s and who influenced his political ideas?
Mazzini
Where did Garibaldi learn guerrilla warfare as part of a rebel army?
Uruguay vs Argentina
Why was it surprising that Garibaldi offered his services to Charles Albert in 1848?
Garibaldi was a republican.
Where was Garibaldi instrumental in the 1848-9 Revolutions?
Roman Republic
What did Garibaldi offer his men if they followed his escape from Rome in 1849?
Hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death’
Who invited Garibaldi to discuss plans for war with Austria in 1859?
Cavour
What was the northern campaign Garibaldi waged in the Second War of Independence?
Alpine Campaign
How was Garibaldi betrayed by the Treaty of Villafranca?
His hometown of Nice was given to France
Rather than attack France, Mazzini convinced Garibaldi support a Young Italy uprising where?
Sicily
What were Garibaldi’s volunteers called in this campaign?
The Thousand
Why was Cavour reluctant to support Garibaldi? (Two reasons)
Cavour did not want to upset the French and was could not see the advantage of unifying with the poor south
Why didn’t Cavour stop Garibaldi’s campaign in the South?
Garibaldi was too popular with the people.
Garibaldi, with growing local support, defeated which army in the Sicily?
Neapolitan (Naples)
Why did Cavour suppress some peasant revolts in Sicily?
Garibaldi wanted to stabilise Sicily so that he could invade the mainland
Cavour was too slow to stop Garibaldi, when did Garibaldi take Naples?
September 1860
What did ‘Rome or death’ mean?
Garibaldi’s commitment to take Rome for Italy
How many men did Garibaldi have to march on the Papal States?
60,000
How did Cavour stop Garibaldi?
Piedmontese army and Victor Emmanuel intercepted Garibaldi, Garibaldi agreed to their terms.
Who was the first ‘King of Italy’?
Victor Emmanuel II
How did Cavour justify annexing the South?
Plebiscites
Garibaldi retired to Caprera, why was he disappointed with Italy?
No Rome
What was missing from Italian unification in 1861?
Rome and Venetia
Define opportunist
to make the most out of a situation to one’s advantage
What was the Quadrilateral?
4 formidable Austrian fortifications in Lombardy
Define plebiscite
a national vote on a particular issue
Define exile
To be expelled from a country as a threat
What years were the Crimean War?
1854-56
Who did Piedmont join in the Crimean War against Russia?
Britain and France
What was the National Society?
Pro-Italian exiles escaped to Piedmont and joined in a group to promote their ideas.
What did the National Society stand for?
Austria out and some level of unification under Piedmont. (No longer pro republic after 1860).
Which leader of the National Society was invited to meet Cavour in 1856?
Manin
Who was Niagra?
Premier Cavour’s trusted advisor and confident. He negotiated with the French.
Give TWO personal reasons why Napoleon supported Italian nationalism.
Lived there in his youth, pro-liberalism, felt badly for sending troops into Rome in 1849.
Give TWO political reasons why Napoleon supported Italian nationalism.
Weaken Austria, gain support at home, power in Europe, gain a southern European ally.
What was the Orsini plot?
Count Felice Orsini plotted the assassination of Napoleon in the name of Italian nationalism.
When was the secret Plombieres meeting between Napoleon and Cavour?
July 1858
What terms of the Plombieres meeting show Cavour as an opportunist?
For French help, Cavour accepted the unification of Italy into four blocks and gave France Nice and Savoy.
Why did Austria declare war on Piedmont in April 1859?
Piedmont mobilised troops on the Lombardy border.
What were the two main battles of the Second War of Independence?
Solferino and Magenta
Where did the Austrians retreat to after losing the first battle?
The Quadrilateral
Why did Napoleon sue for peace without Piedmont’s consent?
High casualty rates, difficulty of defeating the Austrians in the Quadrilateral, fear of Prussians joining
What treaties ended the war of 1859?
Villafranca ended war, Zurich agreed the terms
How did the National Society take advantage of the war?
Organised demonstrations in the Grand Duchies and created provisional governments with links to Piedmont
Name THREE reasons why Cavour resigned in disgust.
Piedmont ignored, Lombardy given to France (to be given to Piedmont), No Venetia, Grand Duchies squashed
Who gave France Savoy and Nice, even though not all of the terms of Plombieres were met?
Cavour! He came back to leadership in January 1860
How did Cavour justify giving France these ‘Italian’ cities?
Plebicites
Cavour arranged the annexation of the Central Duchies. How did he justify this?
Plebicites
