Italy Booklet 4 Flashcards
What did France still have in Rome after 1861?
A large military presence in Rome
What did Napoleon agree to at the September convention in 1864?
Napoleon agreed to evacuate Rome if they switched the capital from Turin to Florence
How did the people react to the capital being moved to Florence?
Riots ensued, 23 dead and 1000 wounded
When did Cavour die and what of?
June 1861, of malaria
How many prime ministers followed in how many years?
5 prime ministers in 5 years
Who were the 5 prime ministers and in chronological order?
Ricasoli, Rattazi, Farini, Minghetti, La Marmora
What did Mazzini describe the new Italy as?
A sham
What percentage of the population made up the electorate?
2%
How many members of parliament were elected by how many voters after 1861?
443 by 150,000 voters
As of March 1861, how much land had the Pope lost to the new Italy?
2/3
What did the Papacy do in response to losing the temporal power?
Published the Syllabus of Errors in 1864
What were some of the claims of the Syllabus of Errors?
- Church would retain control over the education system and all culture and science
- Catholic Church rejected all ideas of tolerance for other religions
- The Church reasserted its temporal power
- It criticized Liberalism, attacked religious toleration, freedom of expression and thought as as well as socialism, nationalism and communism
- It would not accept progress and modern civilisation
How did the government respond to the Papacy in 1866?
Increased taxation on churches to the state and demanded that the church handed over its property
What was the dogma of papal infallibility and when was it?
It stated that the Pope’s statements were indisputable, and in 1869
What did the Pope do in 1870, following the annexation of Rome?
Declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican
How were the voting systems for plebiscites corrupt?
In Nice, the “no” slips were not even brought to the voting stations
What was the Casati Law?
In 1859, the Casati law made primary education compulsory
Why did the Casati law fail in the South?
Because the majority were illiterate
How did Garibaldi create tension in the South?
He promised land reform and improved living standards but they never came
In Naples, how many decrees were changed in 2 days, and when?
53 decrees changed in just 2 days in February 1861
How many provinces did Piedmontisation divide the new kingdom into?
53
Following Piedmontisation, how many monasteries were dissolved?
2382
How did Piedmontisation betray Lombardy?
Lombardy was promised its own constitution and legal system but this never came
How much debt was there after the war of unification?
2.5 billion Lire
How many young men took to the hills to avoid conscription in 1861?
25,000
Why did conscription anger the south?
It took the young men from the south, many of whom were needed on the works which lead to worker shortages
How many convicts escaped during Garibaldi’s campaign?
10,000
How many soldiers did Piedmont deploy to deal with the Brigands in 1862?
120,000
How many Brigands were there by 1862?
82,000
By 1861 how much debt was Italy in?
2,450 million Lire
How much did the debt increase by after Piedmont took on the debt of smaller states following unification?
It more than doubles 4 years later
By the mid 1860s what percentage of Italian bonds were in foreign hands?
1/3
By 1866 how much of the state expenditure did the deficit take up?
60%
What was the Grist Tax?
A tax on the milling of corn
When was the Grist Tax?
1868
What was the response to the Grist Tax?
Riots in the following two weeks, 250 dead and 1000 wounded
From 1867 onward, how many acres of church land were sold?
9 million
How much of Italy’s agriculture produce was used to repay debts?
30%
How many people were employed in industry by 1861?
Only 3 million
What percentage of those employed in industry by 1861 were women and children?
80%
Which natural resource did Italy lack?
Coal
By unification, how many km of railway was there?
2,773km
When were the railways passed into private hands?
1865
What type of economy was created due to these economic indifferences?
Dual economy
What is a Dual economy?
The North of Italy was thriving but that came at the cost of the South of Italy who struggled to keep up with the industrialisation
Why did Garibaldi visit London in 1864?
To raise the issue of the liberation of Venice
Where did Garibaldi try to engineer an uprising?
Greece, Serbia and Dalmatia, to destabilise the Austrian Empire
How much did Italy offer to purchase Venetia for from Austria?
1000 million Lire
What agreement did Italy make with Prussia?
That Italy would receive Venetia for her war contribution against Austria
How many men did Italy have against how many Austrians?
250,000 Piedmontese against 130,000 Austrians
How many ships did the Austrians have compared to Italy?
12 Italian Ships compared to 7 Austrian Ships
What percentage of the Italian army ever reached the front against Austria?
25%
Which major ground battle did the Italians lose?
Custozza
Which major naval battle did the Italians lose?
Lissa
How many ships did the Italians lose at Lissa?
3 ships including the Re d’Italia, the pride of the Italian navy
How many shells did the Italians fire and how many hits did they score at Lissa?
1450 shells fired, 1 major hit
Who did Austria give Venetia to following the war?
France
What was the result of the plebiscites in Venetia?
647246 for joining Italy
69 against joining Italy
Which two things came about as a result of the war against Austria?
Grist Tax in 1868
Nationalising Church land in 1867
Why was Rome so important to Italy?
It was the last geographic piece of the Italian jigsaw and it was the final symbol of foreign interference
What did the September Convention allow the pope to do?
Raise an army of 10,000 troops for protection and the French would leave within two years
When did French troops leave Rome initially?
December 1866
Why did the French troops return in 1867?
Garibaldi tried to invade Rome a second time
How many men did Garibaldi gather for his “march on Rome”?
4000 men
When did the Franco-Prussian war break out?
July 1870
What did the Franco-Prussian war force the French to do?
Withdraw their garrison in Rome
During the Italian invasion of Rome, how many Italians and Papal soldiers died?
49 Italian soldiers and 4 officers, 19 Papal troops
What were the results of the plebiscites to annex Rome?
133,681 for the annexation
1507 against the annexation
What did the Law of Guarantees do for the Pope?
Granted him £129,000 per annum
Recognised the powers of the Pope
When was the capital moved to Rome?
July 1871
When did the Papacy officially recognise the new Italy?
1929
By how much were Papal troops outnumbered?
3:1
After 1871, how many provinces was the country divided into?
69
What were the Communi?
A form of local government
How many Communi were there?
8,382
What did the Communi do?
Looked after education, public health, local taxes and public works
How many bureaucrats were there and how many were based in Rome?
30,000 in total, 3,100 based in Rome
What did the Civil Service do?
Created a centralised government which worked to ensure common laws, taxes and education for the whole state
What was the Carabinieri?
Military police
How many local police were there to support the Carabinieri?
18,000
What did the Civil service give?
Many jobs to veterans of the wars of independence and showed that nationalism and pride in the country should be rewarded
What percentage of expenditure was on the military so Italy could be seen as a great power?
25%
How many soldiers and officers were in the Italian army?
215,000 soldiers
15,000 officers
How many soldiers did the Italian army have in reserve?
2 million
What was hampering the economy of the South?
A lack of capital and skilled labour
Why was power a problem in the South?
A lack of water, unlike the North which had the rivers from the Alps
What caused widespread deindustrialisation in the South?
The removal of tariffs, which had previously protected Southern industry
Where did most of the money from the Grist Tax go?
Invested into public works, land reclamation and the military - mainly in the North
What percentage of children died before their 1st birthday in 1871?
22.7%
What percentage of children died before their 5th birthday in 1871?
50%
What were the problems facing the South?
Poverty, unemployment, higher taxes and lack of lan
How many Italians emigrated in 1871?
120,000
What did the Law of Guarantees give the Pope?
His own postal service
Full diplomatic Status
3,225,000 lire per year as compensation
In 1871, what percentage of the population could vote?
Only 500,000 or roughly 2.2% of the population
Of these eligible to vote, how many actually did?
Only 60%
Who was the Mazzinian that led an attack on a barracks in Pavia?
Barsanti
What happened to Barsanti?
Arrested and shot for treason
How did people react to Barsanti?
A petition with 40,000 signatures calling for him to be pardoned
What were the irredentists?
People who wanted to reclaim areas with ethnic Italians and Italian speaking people
What were some of the places that irredentists wanted to reclaim?
Istria, Trieste, Trentino, some even believed that Nice, Savoy, Malta and Corsica should also be reclaimed and form a ‘Greater Italy’
