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free guide to amazing grade > Italy Booklet 1 > Flashcards

Italy Booklet 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Piedmont like before 1830?

A

Ruled by the House of Savoy
Recently acquired the island of Sardinia

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2
Q

What was Lombardy like before 1830?

A

Ruled by the Austrian Empire
One of the most advanced states
Population of 130,000

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3
Q

What was Venetia like before 1830?

A

Dominated by local aristocracy
Influenced by Austria

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4
Q

What were the Central Duchies like before 1830?

A

Governed by their own Dukes
Satellites of Austria
Ruled by the Habsburgs
Consisted of Tuscany, Modena and Parma

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5
Q

What were the Papal States like before 1830?

A

Relied on support from other countries
Governed by the Pope
Supported by Austria

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6
Q

What was Naples like before 1830?

A

Ruled by the Bourbon family
Largest city in Italy
Became the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

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7
Q

How did Napoleon divide Italy in 1810?

A

One third of Italy was annexed to the French Empire
Another third became known as the Kingdom of Italy (Lombardy, Modena, Bologna, Romagna
The final third was the Kingdom of Naples, but excluding Sicily as that was annexed by Britain

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8
Q

How was life bad under French rule for the Italians

A

They were conscripted and sent to help fight Russia
60% tax revenue collected from Italy

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9
Q

What happened to Italy in 1815?

A

Congress of Vienna following the French defeat let to Italy’s borders returning to how they were
Central Duchies under Austrian leadership
Metternich put in charge to stop Italian Unification

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10
Q

What was the main viewpoint of the Austrian Chancellor Metternich towards Italy?

A

Extinguish the spirit of Italian Unity
Italian Affairs do not exist
Stop people from getting free from Austria

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11
Q

How did the different classes react to the restoring of the Monarchs in 1815?

A

Welcomed by land owning classes, middle classes in towns
Pope and Roman Catholics return to their old ways
Peasants totally apathetic and cared more about their own survival

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12
Q

Briefly summarise the views of the Liberals:

A

The liberals wanted some say in government, a representative assembly, laws to guarantee rights, free trials, free speech and they favored a constitutional monarch

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13
Q

Briefly summarise the views of the Radicals:

A

The radicals were extremists, they wanted social reform and distribution of wealth and they were prepared to use violence

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14
Q

Briefly summarise the views of the Nationalists:

A

The nationalists believed in the same race and language and that Italy should be united in one nation, and many wanted a Republic

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15
Q

What were the freemasons?

A

A secret societies that had secret passwords and religious rituals
Seen as Anti-Catholic
Opposed to the restoration of the monarchs
Consisted of army officers, students, teachers and lawyers

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16
Q

What was the Carbonari?

A

A secret society with 60,000 members
Hoping to establish a constitutional monarchy
Active in Southern Italy, especially Naples

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17
Q

How did the French create long-term nationalism in Italy?

A

They showed that Austria could be beaten
They showed that Italy could be consolidated
Caused a hatred of foreign occupation

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18
Q

What was Piedmont like by 1830?

A

Ruled by Victor Emmanuel under an old fashioned monarchy
Anti-French
Economically Advanced with a strong developed army
Church restored to privileged status

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19
Q

What was Lombardy/Venetia like by 1830?

A

Economically Advanced
Heavy taxation in these states proved 1/4 of Austrian revenue

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20
Q

What were the Central Duchies like by 1830?

A

Influenced by the Papal States
Ferdinand III improved education and reorganised the universities of Pisa and Siena

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21
Q

What were the Papal States like by 1830?

A

Austrians stationed troops to protect the pope
Life was backwards and economically poor
Controlled by the Church
Divided economically and culturally

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22
Q

What was the South like in 1830?

A

Crippled by Malaria
The population had grown massively
Crop failures led to food shortages

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23
Q

What were the general difficulties for unification?

A

Only 2.5% spoke Italian
90% of the population worked on the land and were peasants

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24
Q

What were the social barriers to unification by 1830?

A

Only 2.5% spoke Italian
Class divides
Peasants were politically apathetic
Frustrated middle class by aristocracy

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25
Q

What were the economic barriers to unification by 1830?

A

Money was basically controlled by the church and Austria
Mountains dividing Italy
22 Customs points on the River Po making trade difficult
The North is rich and the South is poor

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26
Q

What were the political barriers to unification by 1830?

A

Most of Italy was controlled or influenced by foreign powers
They all had different political systems
11 countries so the 10 other kings had to give up their power

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27
Q

What were the weaknesses of secret societies?

A

They were unprepared to work together and lacked organization, they were small and scattered groups

28
Q

How many members did the carbonari have and what % of the adult population was this?

A

60000, 5% of the adult male population

29
Q

What are some examples of secret societies?

A

The Carbonari, Spillo Negro and The Federati

30
Q

What were the 1830-32 revolutions in the Papal States?

A

Revolts organized by the professional classes who hated the rule of the Church, this was more of a revolts against the Church than for unified Italy
Provisional government formed in Bologna in 1831
Bolognese government refused to send help to Modena
Austrian Army moved in and defeated the rebels

31
Q

What were the 1830-1832 revolutions in Modena and Parma?

A

Led by Enrico Misley, he trusted Duke Francis IV and told him his plans for a united Italy, but was betrayed and arrested
Francis IV asked the Austrians for any further assistance if revolts happened
During his trip to Austria, revolutionaries took over the city of Modena
The rebels were defeated by an Austrian army

32
Q

What were the reasons for the failure of the 1830-32 revolutions?

A

Revolutions were local affairs not national
No organisation between states
Divided Aims
Austria had the military strength to put down the revolutions
France weren’t interested in helping

33
Q

What was the risorgimento?

A

An ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people

34
Q

Which industry dominated by 1840?

A

Agriculture

35
Q

Why was the agriculture industry inefficient?

A

It was vulnerable to foreign competition, and between 1820 and 1840 there was many poor harvests

36
Q

By the 1840s, what was the average life expectancy in Naples?

A

24

37
Q

What were the Austrian fortresses called in Northern Italy?

A

Quadrilaterals

38
Q

What were Mazzini’s ideas?

A

His aim was for an Italian Republic
One government with locally elected authority
Wants a union of Italian speaking people

39
Q

What were the actions of the Young Italy Movement?

A

Tried to start a revolt with Garibaldi in 1831 but failed
In 1844 the Bandiera Brothers tried to start an uprising in Naples but failed
Attempted to start a mutiny in the Piedmont army

40
Q

What were Mazzini’s successes?

A

He gave tremendous impetus to unification and no one else campaigned as long and as hard as he did
He was a great organizer of propaganda and made Italian nationalism a more talked about concept
Created Young Italy

41
Q

What were Mazzini’s failures?

A

His attitude stopped Italy getting support from France
Moderate liberals looked upon him as a dangerous radical and highlighted Italian divides
He was absent from Italy for long periods of time (40 years in total)
The actions of Young Italy mostly resulted in failure

42
Q

What did Charles Albert introduce?

A

Legal administration, financial and military reforms and extended the university of Turin. He also planned large improvements of the railway networks

43
Q

What reforms did Pius IX do?

A

In 1846 when the new pope was elected, Pius freed 2000 political prisoners, reformed education, the law and papal administration, he ended press censorship and allowed Jews out of the ghetto

44
Q

What did Gioberti do?

A

Gioberti was an exiled Piedmontese theologian and philosopher who wrote the Primato in 1843 which sold 5000 copies
He wanted a federation of states with the Pope as the president

45
Q

What was the name of the document published by Charles Albert in 1847?

A

Statuto

46
Q

What did the Statuto do?

A

It gave the radicals and reformers of Italian Civil Right mov

47
Q

What did Charles Albert do with the Pope?

A

Joined his customs union and supported Pius’ reforms of the legal system

48
Q

What was the consulta?

A

The Consulta was an elected body of advisors created by the Pope

49
Q

How much of the Austrian Empire’s tax revenue came from Lombardy-Venetia?

A

1/3

50
Q

Which town did the Austrians occupy in 1847?

A

Ferrara

51
Q

What happened after the Austrians occupied Ferrara?

A

The Pope lodged a formal protests against the Austrian government

52
Q

What did the Pope do in January 1848?

A

Denied the Austrians the right to cross the Papal States

53
Q

What happened in March 1848?

A

The declaration of a Republic in Venice and skirmishes in Milan, forced out the Austrian garrison

54
Q

How much of the population worked the land in 1848?

A

90%

55
Q

What happened in 1846-47 which led to high food prices and riots?

A

Europe wide harvest failures

56
Q

In the 1840s what was the life expectancy in Naples?

A

24

57
Q

In Naples, how many did the cholera outbreak kill and when was it?

A

65,000 died and it was in 1836

58
Q

When did Metternich resign?

A

March 1848 when the revolutions in Vienna broke out

59
Q

What were the “Five Glorious Days”?

A

10,000 people presenting a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor in Milan
Barricades thrown up with Anti-Austrian on one side, and Pro-Austrian on the other
Austrian commander Radetsky withdraws to the quadrilaterals

60
Q

Who declares the Venetian Republic and when?

A

Daniel Manin on March 22nd 1848

61
Q

What happened in May 1848?

A

30,000 French troops were amassing on Piedmont’s border

62
Q

What happened in August 1848?

A

Piedmont are expelled from Lombardy and the Armistice of Salasco is signed

63
Q

What happened in June 1849?

A

20,000 French troops are now outside Rome and Garibaldi makes his famous “hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death” speech

64
Q

What happened in February 1849?

A

The Pope’s power is ended and the Roman Republic is setup

65
Q

What happened in August 1849?

A

Peace is signed between Austria and Piedmont with Piedmont paying reparations of 65 million francs

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