Italy Booklet 3 Flashcards
By 1857, how much has National Society membership grown to?
8000
When was the pact of plombieres?
July 1858
What was the Pact of Plombieres?
A secret meeting between Cavour and Napoleon whereby plans were drawn up for French military intervention to expel Austria from Lombardy and Venetia
What were some of the terms of the Pact of Plombieres?
Austria would have to be seen as the aggressors who provoked the war
France would get Nice and Savoy in return for 200,000 soldiers
A kingdom of Upper Italy would be created
A kingdom of Central Italy would be created
How many soldiers did Piedmont have to produce to prepare for war in 1859?
100,000
How many soldiers did Piedmont have prepared for the war in 1859?
20,000 untrained volunteers and 60,000 Piedmontese Soldiers
How many days did it take Austria to mobilise for the war?
10 days
How many troops did Austria have for the war?
90,000
What happened at the battle of Magenta?
14,000 Austrians supported by 40 guns attacked 10,700 Piedmont/French with 18 guns, but they were thrown back with heavy casualties, Napoleon took 30,000 troops across the Ticino, the brunt of this fighting was done by 5,000 French Imperial Grenadiers
What happened at the battle of Solferino?
The French/Piedmont had an army of 137,000 took 17,000 casualties
The Austrians had an army of 128,000 took 21,000 casualties
This battle forced them to sign an armistice
What forced Napoleon to sue for peace?
The new and accurate weaponry leading to higher casualty rates
There was 1 doctor for every 500 soldiers on the Allied side
Austria had retreated to the Quadrilaterals
What was the proposed peace at Villafranca, July 1859?
Austria gave Lombardy to France, who could then choose to give it to Piedmont, but they refused to give up Venetia
France wouldn’t take Nice and Savoy as the terms of Plombieres weren’t fully filled
What was the Treaty of Zurich?
It formally ended the war and reinstated peace between France, Piedmont and Austria
Which countries united to form Emilia?
Parma, Romagna and Modena
What was the result of the plebiscites for Emilia to be annexed by Piedmont?
426,000 for annexation
1,506 against annexation
What were the results of the plebiscites for Tuscany to be annexed by Piedmont?
366,571 for annexation
14,925 against annexation
153,000 abstained
What were the results of the plebiscites for Savoy to be annexed by France?
130,583 for annexation
285 against annexation
What were the results of the plebiscites for Nice to be annexed by France?
24,448 for annexation
160 against annexation
What was the Orsini bomb plot?
A plan to throw a bomb at Napoleon and kill him by a guy called Orsini
When was the Plombieres agreement?
July 1858
When was the treaty of Villafranca?
July 1859
When was the treaty of Zurich?
November 1859
When was the treaty of Turin?
March 1860
Who did Garibaldi meet in 1831?
Mazzini
Which war did Garibaldi learn his guerilla tactics in?
Uruguay vs Argentina
What did Garibaldi do in the Roman Republic?
Helped to defend it from the French attackers
How many men did Garibaldi do his “March to the coast” with?
5000 men
How long was the march to the coast?
800km
How many men were left after the 800km march?
1500 men
What did Garibaldi do to support the Piedmontese king?
Train and recruit volunteers for the army
How many men was Garibaldi given control over in the 1859 war?
3,000 men
Which river was Garibaldi tasked with crossing?
Ticino river
How far did Garibaldi push back the Austrians?
All the way back to the quadrilateral fortresses
How did Piedmont “betray” Garibaldi?
They gave his birthplace, Nice to France
How many volunteers did Garibaldi set sail with in May, 1860?
1200
How did the British help Garibaldi?
Helped him crossed the Messina straits
Prevented Sicilian ships from firing in fear that they’d hit the British ships
How many men did Garibaldi defeat in Sicily when he was severely outnumbered?
20,000 men, mainly due to help from marauding peasant, bandits and the local mafia
What did Garibaldi do after appointing himself dictator of Sicily?
Abolished milling tax, promised land redistribution
What did Cavour do to try and catch Garibaldi?
Send ships to arrest him at Calabria, but he was too quick and had already crossed the straits
How many men did Garibaldi’s army grow to?
60,000 strong, many of whom were Mazzian and opposed to the Catholic church
What did Cavour want to prevent Garibaldi doing?
Attacking Rome
When did Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel meet?
26th October 1860
What was agreed at Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel’s meeting?
Garibaldi would hand over the South to Italy
Where did Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel meet?
Teano
What was Garibaldi offered as a thanks for his work?
The title of major general, a large pension and even a castle, but he refused them all
