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Introduction to pharmacology Flashcards

This is the first week of pharmacology. I know you will make it past this semester, do not let distractions mess with you !!

1
Q

What do drugs do ?

A

-Prevent disease
-Treat disease
-Improve quality of life

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2
Q

What are the 6 rights of drug administration?

A

-Right patient
-Right dose
-Right route
-Right time
-Right Reason
-Right patient

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3
Q

What does the FDA do ?

A

Regulate testing and approval of drugs

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4
Q

What are different type of clinical trials?

A

-Pre-clinical: Test on a living organism, can be an animal

-Phase 1: a pilot study of a potential drug using a small number of selected, usually healthy human volunteers

-Phase 2: Begins to be test on actual patients who have the disorder the drug targets

-Phase 3: Usually doctors report back to researchers less frequently, medicine goes out to a larger group. Side affects and adverse affects are given, and it is sent to the FDA for approval

Phase 4: Continuous evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing. It is still be watched for any adverse affects

Drugs can be taken off the market if any extreme adverse affects are shown, which can happen at any phase

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5
Q

What is a chemical name?

A

Chemical make up

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6
Q

What is the brand/trade name is ?

A

It based on what the company names it

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7
Q

What is the generic name?

A

The generic name is a shortened version of the chemical name
-These products are less expensive , they have the same chemical active ingredients.

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8
Q

What does off label mean ?

A

Use of drug not part of approved FDA indications

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9
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What is schedule l ?

A

High abuse potential and no accepted medical use
(Ex: Heroin, LSD, Marijuana

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10
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What is schedule ll?

A

High abuse potential with severe dependence liability (narcotics, amphetamines, and barbiturates)
-Morphine, meperidine, oxycodone, cocaine, barbiturates
Can still be prescribed in the united states

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11
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What is schedule lll?

A

Less abuse potential than schedule II drugs and moderate dependence liability (nonbarbiturate sedatives, nonamphetamine stimulants, limited amounts of certain narcotics)
anabolic steroids; Vicodin

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12
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What schedule lv?

A

Less abuse potential than schedule III and limited dependence liability (some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and nonnarcotic analgesics)
-Diazepam, lorazepam

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13
Q

**DEA-Controlled substances
What schedule 5?

A

Cam have abuse potential but it is really low
Limited abuse potential. Primarily small amounts of narcotics (codeine) used as antitussives or antidiarrheals.

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14
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

How the drugs affects the body

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15
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

How the body acts on the drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
-Metabolism/Biotransformation
-Excretion

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16
Q

What are receptor sites?

A

The location where drugs act on specific areas of cell membrane so that it can cause an effect within the cell

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17
Q

What are drug enzyme interactions?

A

Drugs can cause an effect interfering with enzyme system

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18
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Ability of a drug to attack only the systems found in the foreign cells, not directly toxic to the host

19
Q

What does it mean if a drug is an agonist?

A

Binds to the receptor sites and produces an effect

20
Q

What does it mean if the drug is antagonists?

A

Antagonists prevent blocking an affect does not allow something to happen.Binds to the site but prevents another substance to attach to receptor
-can prevent histamine from attaching to the receptor to prevent allergic affects

21
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

How the body acts on the drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
-Metabolism/Biotransformation
-Excretion

22
Q

**Pharmacokinetics
What is absorbtion?

A

What happens to the drug when it enters the body to the time it gets into circulation

23
Q

What is enteral route of administration?

A

Anything that involves the GI system
-Orally(PO) (Note first pass effect)
-Sublingual
-Rectal

24
Q

What is parenteral route of administration?

A

This does not involve the GI system
-Topical
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
-Iv,subq,Im

25
**Pharmacokinetics what is the difference between lipid soluble vs water soluble in the blood brain barrier
-Lipid soluble can cross over the blood barrier -Water soluble is harder to pass through the blood barrier
26
***Pharmacokinetics What is metabolism?
-When drugs are converted into new less active chemicals -Body is trying to breakdown drug and get rid of it
27
***Pharmacokinetics Describe the job of the liver ?
-Most important site of drug metabolism -First-pass effect: is when the drug goes through the liver, liver breaks down drugs, and the liver delivers a portion to the stomach and small intestine for absorption -P450 enzymes is the most abundant in the liver -If the drug or substance is able to increase the activity of an enzyme it is going to increase the the breakdown activity of the drug, which is the opposite of what is needed -If someone smokes the drug dosage will increase because nicotine activates the enzymes, which causes the breakdown of food faster
28
***Pharmacokinetics Describe excretion?
Excretion is removal of drug from the body -Kidney is a major organ for excretion -Skin also excretion -Liver- bile, also does excretion -Feces also excretion If you're kidneys are not excreting then toxic can grow in your blood
29
***Pharmacokinetics Describe meanings of -Onset -Peak -Duration of action
Onset of drug action: -Time required to illicit a therapeutic response Peak Effect: -Time required for drug to reach maximum therapeutic effect Duration of Action: -Length of time that drug is exerting therapeutic effect
30
***Pharmacokinetics What is half life and provide example.
Half-life - Time required for concentration of drug in the body to be reduced by one- half If half-life 4 hours and dosage is 100 mg
31
What are factors that influence drug affects?
-Dosage( Frequency, amount, number/duration of treatment) -Route -Food/Drug -Body weight -Genetics -Gender
32
What are disorders that influence drug effects
-Cardiac disorders (decrease blood flow) -Renal disorders -Hepatic disorders -GI disorders(N/V/D, lBS, Chrons DZ) -Thyroid disorders (slows metabolism or speeds metabolism )
33
How does age affect drug effects?
-Fetus: immature liver/kidney -Newborn; organs not fully developed -Children(1-12): More studies needed -After age 12 similar to adults -Older adults: Multiple physiological changes
34
How do older adults factors influence drugs effects?
Changes in GI -Slow motility, flattened villi in small intestine Cardiac changes -Decreased CO to vital organs Liver -Slower metabolism Renal -Slower excretion, can be such as 40%-50%
35
What is adverse drug effects?
-Any unwanted/unexpected response to a drug that have been given -Can occur to anyone at anytime
36
**Adverse effects What is primary action for adverse affects?
When the dose is adjusted to decrease a reaction Like antihypertensive; Decreases high blood pressure
37
**Adverse effects What is secondary actions ?
May not be able to reduce dose for symptoms Like antihistamines help prevent allergic reactions but can lead to drowsiness but the goal is to prevent the allergic reaction.
38
What happens during drug allergy/hypersensitivity?
-Body forms antibodies against drugs and can lead to immune response to antibodies **Type I immediate hypersensitivity disorders: histamine release Type II antibody-mediated disorders: antibodies bind to drug on cell receptor site, cause cell death Type III immune complex-mediated disorders: antibodies in blood settle in tissues, cause damage Type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity disorders: hours later, antibodies bind to WBC
39
What does garlic do for the body?
immune supporter, mild HTN, cholesterol decreases platelet aggregation
40
What does ginger do for the body?
digestion, n/v, antispasmodic decreases platelet aggregation
41
What dos Ginkgo biloba ?
-antioxidant, peripheral vasodilator, increase blood flow to the CNS -Decreases platelet aggregation
42
What is St. John's wart herb?
-antidepressant and anti-viral -effects in 4-8 weeks -many drug interactions esp. transplant meds and antidepressants, interacts with HIV meds
43
What is Echinacea herb?
-Stimulates immune system -Cold, flu, URI, stop after two weeks
44
When not to take herbs?
Do not use if pregnant- Not enough research on safety Do not take if nursing-DO not how will effect the baby Do not give to infants or young children Do not take in large quantities Buy products with plant and quantity listed on the label-Important to know what’s in it and how much Let your HCP know Do not stop your other meds

Pharmacology (39 decks)

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