Anti-infective:General concepts

Question 1

What is bacteria?

Answer 1

single celled microbe

Question 2

Describe Aerobic vs Anaerobic

Answer 2

Aerobic-requires O2- No o2 present it will die
Anaerobic-can not live in presence of O2. If o2 present it will die

Question 3

What is a virus ?

Answer 3

particles of DNA or RNA. Enter host cell and replicates. Antibotic

Question 4

What is fungi?

Answer 4

cellular organisms. Antibiotics are not effect

Question 5

What is protozoa?

Answer 5

parasitic cellular organism

Question 6

What is Helminths?

Answer 6

worms. Invade, grow and thrive

Question 7

What is normal flora?

Answer 7

-friendly microbes that live in and on your body, kind of like the residents of a bustling city, and they’re important for keeping you healthy!
microbes play important roles, like helping with digestion in your gut, protecting your skin from harmful invaders, and even helping to train your immune system to recognize friend from foe.

Question 8

What is opportunistsic?

Answer 8

“opportunistic” in biology refers to microbes that take advantage of a weakened or compromised immune system to cause infections or diseases.

Question 9

What is culture and sensitivity?

Answer 9

laboratory test performed to identify the specific microorganism causing an infection (such as bacteria or fungi) and to determine which antibiotics or medications will be most effective in treating it

Question 9

What is empiric therapy?

Answer 9

medical treatment approach that involves initiating treatment based on clinical judgment and experience, without waiting for the results of diagnostic tests. This is often done when there is an urgent need to start treatment to prevent complications or to address a potentially serious condition.

Question 9

What is prophylactic therapy?

Answer 9

prophylaxis, is a medical treatment or intervention aimed at preventing the occurrence of a disease or infection before it occurs or before symptoms appear. This approach is typically used in situations where there is a high risk of developing a particular condition,

Question 10

What is narrow spectrum?

Answer 10

antibiotics that are effective against only a specific group of bacteria or a limited number of bacterial species.

Question 10

What is broad spectrum?

Answer 10

medications that are effective against a wide range of different types of bacteria or microbes.

Question 11

Describe therapeutic response vs non therapeutic response

Answer 11

Therapeutic response:WBC down, no fever, signs and symptoms gone away or decreased

Sub thereapeutic: Not response to meds. Same signs and same, not relived, getting worse, wbc increase. Increase redness, pain

Question 12

What us selective toxicity

Answer 12

Antibiotic will only impact organism cells not human cells

Question 13

What is Antibiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 13

strains of bacteria that have developed the ability to withstand the effects of antibiotics, rendering the medications ineffective against them. This occurs when bacteria undergo genetic changes or mutations that allow them to survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill or inhibit their growth.

Question 14

What is the goal of anti-infective?

Answer 14

Goal of anti-infective therapy is reduction of the population of the invading organism

Question 15

what is bactericidal?

Answer 15

bactericidal agents directly destroy bacteria, leading to their death

Question 16

what is bacteriostatic?

Answer 16

slow down or stop the multiplication of bacteria, allowing the body’s immune system to effectively eliminate the remaining bacteria over time

Question 17

What is combination therapy?

Answer 17

Combination therapy involves the use of two or more medications or treatments together to achieve a better therapeutic outcome than using each treatment alone

Question 18

What are ways resistance developes?

Answer 18

-Producing an enzyme that deactivates the antimicrobial drug
-Changing cellular permeability to prevent the drug from entering the cell
-Altering transport systems to exclude the drug from active transport into the cell
-Altering binding sites on the membranes or ribosomes, which then no longer accept the drug. Drug cant attatchg
-Producing a chemical that acts as an antagonist to the drug

Question 19

How to prevent resistance?

Answer 19

Limit the use of antimicrobial agents to the treatment of specific pathogens sensitive to the drug being used
Make sure doses are high enough, and the duration of drug therapy long enough
Be cautious about the indiscriminate use of anti-infectives

Question 20

What are adverse effects of anti-infectives?

Answer 20

-Kidney Damage
-GI toxicity
Direct effect on cells lining GI
Cell death release toxins – trigger CTZ
Liver dysfunction

-Neurotoxicity
-Hypersensitivity reactions
-Superinfections – c-diff

Question 21

What are lifespan considerations

Answer 21

Children
Early exposure can lead to sensitivity
Increased susceptibility to GI and nervous system alterations

Adults/ Older adults
Monitor for fluid and electrolyte concerns
Neurotoxicity
Safety concerns esp. with older adults