Anti-infective:General concepts Flashcards
Chapter 8 bookie
What is bacteria?
single celled microbe
Describe Aerobic vs Anaerobic
Aerobic-requires O2- No o2 present it will die
Anaerobic-can not live in presence of O2. If o2 present it will die
What is a virus ?
particles of DNA or RNA. Enter host cell and replicates. Antibotic
What is fungi?
cellular organisms. Antibiotics are not effect
What is protozoa?
parasitic cellular organism
What is Helminths?
worms. Invade, grow and thrive
What is normal flora?
-friendly microbes that live in and on your body, kind of like the residents of a bustling city, and they’re important for keeping you healthy!
microbes play important roles, like helping with digestion in your gut, protecting your skin from harmful invaders, and even helping to train your immune system to recognize friend from foe.
What is opportunistsic?
“opportunistic” in biology refers to microbes that take advantage of a weakened or compromised immune system to cause infections or diseases.
What is culture and sensitivity?
laboratory test performed to identify the specific microorganism causing an infection (such as bacteria or fungi) and to determine which antibiotics or medications will be most effective in treating it
What is empiric therapy?
medical treatment approach that involves initiating treatment based on clinical judgment and experience, without waiting for the results of diagnostic tests. This is often done when there is an urgent need to start treatment to prevent complications or to address a potentially serious condition.
What is prophylactic therapy?
prophylaxis, is a medical treatment or intervention aimed at preventing the occurrence of a disease or infection before it occurs or before symptoms appear. This approach is typically used in situations where there is a high risk of developing a particular condition,
What is narrow spectrum?
antibiotics that are effective against only a specific group of bacteria or a limited number of bacterial species.
What is broad spectrum?
medications that are effective against a wide range of different types of bacteria or microbes.
Describe therapeutic response vs non therapeutic response
Therapeutic response:WBC down, no fever, signs and symptoms gone away or decreased
Sub thereapeutic: Not response to meds. Same signs and same, not relived, getting worse, wbc increase. Increase redness, pain
What us selective toxicity
Antibiotic will only impact organism cells not human cells
What is Antibiotic resistant bacteria
strains of bacteria that have developed the ability to withstand the effects of antibiotics, rendering the medications ineffective against them. This occurs when bacteria undergo genetic changes or mutations that allow them to survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill or inhibit their growth.
What is the goal of anti-infective?
Goal of anti-infective therapy is reduction of the population of the invading organism
what is bactericidal?
bactericidal agents directly destroy bacteria, leading to their death
what is bacteriostatic?
slow down or stop the multiplication of bacteria, allowing the body’s immune system to effectively eliminate the remaining bacteria over time
What is combination therapy?
Combination therapy involves the use of two or more medications or treatments together to achieve a better therapeutic outcome than using each treatment alone
What are ways resistance developes?
-Producing an enzyme that deactivates the antimicrobial drug
-Changing cellular permeability to prevent the drug from entering the cell
-Altering transport systems to exclude the drug from active transport into the cell
-Altering binding sites on the membranes or ribosomes, which then no longer accept the drug. Drug cant attatchg
-Producing a chemical that acts as an antagonist to the drug
How to prevent resistance?
Limit the use of antimicrobial agents to the treatment of specific pathogens sensitive to the drug being used
Make sure doses are high enough, and the duration of drug therapy long enough
Be cautious about the indiscriminate use of anti-infectives
What are adverse effects of anti-infectives?
-Kidney Damage
-GI toxicity
Direct effect on cells lining GI
Cell death release toxins – trigger CTZ
Liver dysfunction
-Neurotoxicity
-Hypersensitivity reactions
-Superinfections – c-diff
What are lifespan considerations
Children
Early exposure can lead to sensitivity
Increased susceptibility to GI and nervous system alterations
Adults/ Older adults
Monitor for fluid and electrolyte concerns
Neurotoxicity
Safety concerns esp. with older adults
