Introduction to Pathology, Cellular adaptation, Inflammation Flashcards
“Pathos” means
suffering
“logos” means
study of
The study of disease, the origin of disease, and its development.
Pathology
Investigates the cause of disease by studying the associated changes in the cells, tissues, and organs (gives rise to the signs and symptoms of the disease).
Pathology
The origin of the disease e (underlying causes and modifying factors).
Etiology
Steps in the development of the disease.
Pathogenesis
Refers to why a disease arises.
Etiology
Describes how a disease develops.
Pathogenesis
[2] Primary Divisions of Pathology (traditional)
- General pathology
- Systemic pathology
Focuses on the cellular and tissue alterations caused by pathologic stimuli in most tissues.
[traditional]
General pathology
broad
[traditional]
General pathology
Examines the reactions and abnormalities of different specialized organs.
[traditional]
Systemic pathology
per organ system
[traditional]
Systemic pathology
[2] Primary Divisions of Pathology (modern)
- Anatomic pathology
- Clinical pathology
aka “surgical pathology”
[modern]
Anatomy pathology
Focuses of the examination of organs, tissues, and body fluids for structural abnormalities including autopsy examination of cadavers.
[modern]
Anatomy pathology
aka “laboratory medicine”
[modern]
Clinical pathology
Focuses on the examination of blood and other body samples for functional abnormalities.
[modern]
Clinical pathology
A medical doctor who examines bodies and body tissues. He or she is also responsible for performing lab tests.
Pathologist
Involved in establishing the diagnosis of the disease.
Pathologist
[4] Principal adaptive responses.
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
Adaptive capability is exceeded or if the external stress is inherently harmful.
Cell injury
One of the most crucial events in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ.
Cell death
lack of blood flow.
ischemia
[3] Cellular adaptations to stress.
- Retrogressive changes
- Progressive changes
- Degenerative changes
organ/tissues smaller than normal.
[cellular adaptations to stress]
Retrogressive changes
organ/tissues larger than normal.
[cellular adaptations to stress]
Progressive changes
Tissue have abnormalities.
[cellular adaptations to stress]
Degenerative changes
[3] Hypertrophy in Progressive changes.
(TFC)
- True hypertrophy
- False hypertrophy
- Compensatory hypertrophy
Usually seen in skeletal muscle, heart, kidneys, endocrine glands due to increased work load.
[hypertrophy in progressive changes]
True hypertrophy
Due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation.
[hypertrophy in progressive changes]
False hypertrophy
Involves one of paired organs when the opposite organ has been removed.
[hypertrophy in progressive changes]
Compensatory hypertrophy
[2] Hyperplasia in Progressive Changes
(PP)
- Physiological hyperplasia
- Pathologic hyperplasia
Resulting from normal stimuli, hormonal such as hyperplasia of breast and uterus during pregnancy.
[hyperplasia in progressive changes]
Physiological hyperplasia
Stimulation of growth factors, excess hormonal stimulation, viral infection, nodular.
[hyperplasia in progressive changes]
Pathologic hyperplasia
Refers to an increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in size. NO NEW CELLS
Hypertrophy
Refers to an increase in size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the number of cells. CELL DIVISION
Hyperplasia
Reversible change involving transformation in one type of adult cell to another.
Metaplasia
[4] Degenerative changes - due to aberrations of cellular growth patterns.
(MDAN)
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
Neoplasia
Regressive alteration in adult cells manifested by variation in size, shape, and orientation. Usually reversible and do not lead to tumor formation - CHANGES IN STRUCTURE
(atypical hyperplasia)
Dysplasia
Usually used as criterion toward malignancy - irreversible, more primitive cells.
(undifferentiated cell)
Anaplasia
Continuous abnormal proliferation of the cells without control (no purpose or function).
(tumor)
Neoplasia
“NEO” in neoplasia means?
new
Pathologic over growth of the tissue.
Neoplasia
The study of cancer.
Oncology
[2] Characteristics of tumor:
(PS)
- Parenchyma
- Stroma
active elements, tumor cells, tumor itself.
[characteristics of tumor]
Parenchyma
connective tissue, framework.
[characteristics of tumor]
Stroma
[2] Nomenclature of neoplastic cells.
(BM) (tumors)
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
Are those that do not produce death. Tumor is localized and doesn’t metastasize.
[tumors]
Benign tumors
Will produce death eventually, however small they may be and wherever they may be located. Invasive and destroys adjacent areas.
[tumors]
Malignant tumors
mesenchymal/connective tissue.
[suffix]
Sarcoma
epithelial tissue.
[suffix]
Carcinoma
Most reliable feature of malignancy.
Metastasis
Tumour implants continuous with the primary tumour.
Metastasis
Cancer cells penetrate into blood vessels, lymphatic’s and body cavities providing opportunity to spread.
Metastasis
All neoplasm metastasize EXCEPT
Glial cells
Basal cell carcinoma
[3] Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.
- Seeding within body cavities
- Lymphatic spread
- Hematogenous spread
Neoplasm penetrates into a ‘’natural field’’. Most often in the peritoneal cavity.
[Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.]
Seeding within body cavities
Most common pathway for CARCINOMAS (Epithelial)
[Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.]
Lymphatic spread
Most common pathway for SARCOMAS (connective tissue)
[Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.]
Hematogenous spread
Resembling normal cells
[un/differentiated cells]
Differentiated cells
Younger form.
[un/differentiated cells]
Undifferentiated cells
It is based on the size of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastases.
Staging
2 major agencies concerned with the staging of malignant disease are:
- UICC - International Union against Cancer
- AJCS - American Joint Committee on Cancer staging
Applicable to all form of neoplasia.
TNM system of cancer staging
A score is based upon the size of invasion.
[letter]
T
With increasing size of the primary lesion.
[letter]
T1, T2, T3, T4
A score indicates the extent of lymph node involvement.
[letter]
N
Indicates progressively advancing nodal disease.
[letters]
N0, N1, N2, N3
A score indicates whether distant metastasis are present.
[letter]
M
Whether there are distant metastases.
[letters]
M0, M1
Type of neoplasm and a compound tumors.
Teratomas
Greek: “MONSTROUS TUMORS”
Teratomas
Tumor with normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues.
Teratomas
[2] Retrogressive changes.
- Developmental defects
- Atrophy
[4] Developmental changes
[AAHA]
- Aplasia
- Agenesia
- Hypoplasia
- Atresia
Incomplete/defective development of tissue/organ.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Aplasia
Most commonly seen in one paired structures (kidneys, gonads, adrenals).
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Aplasia
Non-appearance of an organ.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Agenesia
Failure of an organ to reach its full, mature size.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Hypoplasia
Failure of an organ to form an opening.
[developmental changes - retrogressive]
Atresia
Refers to an acquired decrease in the size of a normally tissue or organ. REDUCTION IN CELL SIZE.
[retrogressive changes]
Atrophy
[2] Atrophy
- Physiologic
- Pathologic
Due to decreased work load.
Physiologic
Due to denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply.
[atrophy]
Pathologic
Who developed TNM system?
UICC
Occurs as a natural consequence of maturation, as in atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid tissue during puberty. Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age 50.
[types of atrophy]
Physiologic atrophy
Refers to a decrease in size of organ, usually as a consequence of disease.
[types of atrophy]
Pathologic atrophy
[1] Physiologic atrophy
Senile atrophy
[6] Pathologic atrophy’ retrogressive changes
[VPS, AEE]
1.Vascular atrophy
2. Pressure atrophy
3. Starvation or hunger atrophy
4. Atrophy of disuse
5. Exhaustion atrophy
6. Endocrine atrophy
(due to lack of nutrition) occurs if the blood supply to an organ or tissue becomes reduced below critical level.
[pathologic atrophy]
Vascular atrophy
Persistent pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cells or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply.
[pathologic atrophy]
Pressure atrophy
Due to excessive lack of nutritional supply, may lead to wasting of tissues.
[pathologic atrophy]
Starvation or hunger atrophy
Inactivity or diminished function of a tissue or organ may lead to narrowing of blood vessels, with loss of nutrition atrophy occur;
[pathologic atrophy]
Atrophy of disuse
Prolonged overwork, especially of an endocrine organ may produce initial enlargement with ultimate slow progressive loss of parenchymal cells.
[pathologic atrophy]
Exhaustion atrophy
Diminished or absent endocrine stimulation may produce functional atrophy.
Endocrine atrophy
