Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HPCT 311 > Fixation > Flashcards

Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

`[2] Types of specimen samples obtain from surgical procedures.

A

Fresh samples
Fixed samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

For immediate diagnosis or evaluation.

[samples]

A

Fresh samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Motion, mitosis and phagocytosis are to be observed.

[samples]

A

Fresh samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Not permanent or its use is limited, are liable to develop changes that have been observed after death.

[samples]

A

Fresh samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Detailed structure of cells because well preserved.

[samples]

A

Fixed samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Avoid autolysis.

[samples]

A

Fixed samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Often referred to as “cut – up”, involves a careful examination and description of specimen its- appearance, number of piece, and dimension.

A

Grossing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Patient information, Clinical History, Description of site of origin.

A

Request form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

To reduce the risk of mislabeling, or mismatching.

A

Accessioned with a specific number (or barcode)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Specimen size for processing.

A

3X2 cm and 3-5 mm THICK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

[6] Specimen types

A
  1. Excision specimens
  2. Incisional biopsy
  3. Punch biopsies
  4. Shave biopsies surface (usually skin)
  5. Curetting
  6. Core biopsies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

[4] Methods of fresh tissue examination

A
  1. Teasing/Dissociation
  2. Crushing/ Squash preparation
  3. Smear preparation
  4. Frozen section
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normally used when a rapid diagnosis of a tissue is required.

[methods of fresh tissue examination]

A

Frozen section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Best for frozen section.

[freezing]

A

Unfixed tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Used to localize hydrolytic.

[freezing]

A

Fixed tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Without use of any chemical fixative.

A

Freeze drying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rapid freezing (160°C)

A

Quenching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Removal of water in the form of ice (-40°C vacuum).

A

Sublimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Frozen tissue is submerged to what formula?

A

Rossman’s formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

[5] Commonly used methods of freezing.

A
  1. Optimal cutting temperature
  2. Liquid nitrogen
  3. Isopentane
  4. Carbon dioxide gas
  5. Aerosol sprays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

[2] Two methods of preparing frozen section

A
  1. Cold knife procedure
  2. Cryostat procedure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Almost any microtome can be used.

[methods of preparing frozen section]

A

Cold knife procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cold microtome.

[methods of preparing frozen section]

A

Cryostat procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A refrigerated cabinet in which a modified
microtome is housed.

A

Cryostat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

OPTIMUM WORKING TEMPERATURE = -18 ° to -20 ° C

[methods of preparing frozen section]

A

Cryostat procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Presently, the ROTARY MICROTOME is the type of choice.

[methods of preparing frozen section]

A

Cryostat procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

[12] Tissue processing

A
  1. Accessioning
  2. Fixation
  3. Dehydration
  4. Decalcification
  5. Clearing/ Dealcoholization
  6. Infiltration/Impregnation
  7. Embedding
  8. Trimming
  9. Secretion/Microtomy
  10. Staining
  11. Mounting
  12. Labelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[2] Mechanism of action of fixative

A
  1. Additive fixation
  2. Non-additive fixation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Becomes part of the tissue by formation of cross links or complexes. Ex. Formalin, Hg, osmium tetroxide.

[fixative]

A

Additive fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

NOT incorporated in the tissue, stabilizes tissue by removing of the bound water.
Ex. Alcoholic fixatives

[fixative]

A

Non-additive fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

[6] Factors involved in fixation

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Thickness
  4. Osmolality
  5. Concentration
  6. Time duration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Slightly hypertonic solution around 400-
450mOsm.

A

Osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rate of penetration:

[practical consideration]

A

Formalin 1mm/hour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Volume.

[practical considerations]

A

10-25 times that of the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

maximum effectiveness.

[practical considerations]

A

20:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Osmium tetroxide.

[practical considerations]

A

5-10:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

prolonged fixation (museum preparation)

[practical considerations]

A

50-100: 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

[2] Types of fixative according to composition.

A
  1. Simple fixative
  2. Compound fixative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Are made up of only one component substance.

[types of fixative acc to composition]

A

Simple fixtive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are made up of two or more fixatives which have been added together.

[types of fixative acc to composition]

A

Compound fixative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

[3] Types of fixative acc to ACTION

A
  1. Microanatomical fixative
  2. Cytological fixative
  3. Cytoplasmic fixative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

[2] Cytological fixative

A
  1. Nuclear fixative
  2. Cytoplasmic fixative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Contains glacial acetic acid.

(ex.Bouin’s fluid, Flemming’s fluid, Newcomers fluid, Carnoy’s fluid, Heidenhain’s SuSa (BFNCH)

[cytololgical fixative]

A

Nuclear fixative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Helly’s fluid, Orth’s fluid, Regaud’s fluid, Flemming fluid without acetic acid, Formalin with post chroming (HORFF)

[cytololgical fixative]

A

Cytoplasmic fixative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

[3] Histochemical fixative

A
  1. Lipid fixation
  2. Carbohydrate fixation
  3. Protein fixation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fixatives containing mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate in cryostat section.

[histochemical fixation]

A

Lipid fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Alcoholic fixative for glycogen (Rossman’s fluid or cold absolute alcohol)

[histochemical fixation]

A

Carbohydrate fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Neutral buffered formalin.

A

Protein fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

[8] Aldehyde fixatives

A
  1. Formaldehyde
  2. 10 % Formol saline
  3. 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF) or PO4 buffered formalin
  4. Formol corrosive
  5. Glutaraldehyde
  6. Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde - glutaraldehyde
  7. Acrolein
  8. Formol - calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

[3] Metallic fixative

A
  1. Mercuric chloride (BOSCHZZ)
  2. Chromate fixatives
  3. Lead fixative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

[7] Mercuric chloride BOSCHZZ

A
  1. B5 fixative
  2. Ohlmacher’s
  3. Schaudinn’s
  4. Carnoy-Lebrun
  5. Heidenhain Susa
  6. Zenker
  7. Zenker’s formol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

[4] Chromate fixatives (ROCP)

A
  1. Regaud’s (mollers) (molliflex)
  2. Orth’s fluid
  3. Chromic acid
  4. Potassium dichromate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE when dry.

A

Picric acid fixative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

[2] Picric acid fixative

A
  1. Bouin’s
  2. Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol fixative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Recommended for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies.

[picric acid fixative]

A

Bouin’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Excellent fixative for glycogen and less messy then Bouin’s solution (excellent).

[picric acid fixative]

A

Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol fixative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

It is normally used in conjunction with other fixatives to form a compound solution.

A

Glacial acetic acid

58
Q

Fixes & precipitates nucleoproteins, chromosomes, & chromatin material.

A

Glacial acetic acid

59
Q

Solidifies at 17°C.

A

Glacial acetic acid

60
Q

[6] Alcohol fixatives. (MEICAN)

A
  1. Methyl alcohol
  2. Ethanol
  3. Isopropyl alcohol
  4. Carnoy’s fluid
  5. Alcoholic formalin
  6. Newcomer’s
61
Q

For fixing dry and wet smears (PBS and
BM tissues.

[alcohol fixatives]

A

Methyl alcohol

62
Q

Simple fixative incorporated with compound fixatives for better results, preserves but does not fix glycogen (Disadvantage: polarization).

[alcohol fixatives]

63
Q

Fixing touch preparation.

[alcohol fixatives]

A

Isopropyl alcohol

64
Q

For fixing chromosomes, lymph glands and urgent biopsies (MOST RAPID;1-3 hours).

[alcohol fixatives]

A

Carnoy’s fluid

65
Q

To preserve sputum.

[alcohol fixatives]

A

Alcoholic formalin

66
Q

For fixing mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins. Give better reaction in Fuelgen stain than Carnoys.

[alcohol fixatives]

A

Newcomer’s

67
Q

[2] Osmium tetroxide (FF)

A
  1. Flemmings solution
  2. Flemming’s solution without acetic acid
68
Q

Most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative used (FIXATIVE & DECALCIFYING
AGENT), permanently fixes fat, for nuclear structures (excellent).

[osmium tetroxide]

A

Flemmings solution

69
Q

(improve cytoplasmic details) – recommended for mitochondria.

[osmium tetroxide]

A

Flemming’s solution without acetic acid

70
Q

[3] Fixation terminilogies (SPW)

A
  1. Secondary fixation
  2. Post - chromatization
  3. Washing out
71
Q

Process of placing an already fixed tissue in a second fixative.

[fixation terminologies]

A

Secondary fixation

72
Q

Fixation whereby a primarily fixed tissue is placed in Aqueos solution of 2.5-3% potassium dichromate.

[fixation terminologies]

A

Post - chromatization

73
Q

Removing excess fixative.

[fixation terminologies]

A

Washing out

74
Q

[3] Washing out (fixation terminologies)

A
  1. Tap water (chromates)
  2. 50-70% alcohol
  3. Alcoholic iodine
75
Q

[3] Factors affect fixation of tissues. (SAM)

A
  1. size and thickness of tissue
  2. Agitation
  3. Moderate heat (37-56°)
76
Q

Each specimen receives an what?

A

accession number

77
Q

Each number is unique to that case and is.

A

NEVER reused.

78
Q

SAC means

A

S (surgical)
A (autopsy)
C (cytology)

79
Q

8o[4] Smear preparation

[methods of fresh tissue examination]

A

Streaking
Spreading
Pull apart
Touch preparation

80
Q

pH:

[factors involved in fixation]

81
Q

[5] Temperature (ATERF)

[factors involved in fixation]

A
  1. Autotech (40°C)
  2. Traditionally (RT)
  3. EM and histochem (0-4°C)
  4. Rapid examination (60°C)
  5. For tissue w/ TB: (100°C)
82
Q

Formalin.

[concentration]

83
Q

Glutaraldehyde

[concentration]

84
Q

Glutaraldehyde (IEM)

[concentration]

85
Q

Primary fixation

[time duration]

86
Q

EM fixation

[time duration]

87
Q

Stock solution of Formaldehyde

[aldehyde fixatives]

88
Q

Working solution of Formaldehyde.

[aldehyde fixatives]

89
Q

For tumor biopsies esp of the skin.
FT 3-12 hrs

[mercuric chloride (BPSCHZZ)]

A

Heidenhain Susa

90
Q

(fixing small pieces of liver,spleen, CT fibers and nuclei)
FT: 12-24 hrs

[mercuric chloride (BPSCHZZ)]

91
Q

Fixative for pituitary gland, BM and blood containing organs.

[mercuric chloride (BPSCHZZ)]

A

Zenker’s formol

92
Q

Precipitates proteins.

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

A

Trichloroacetic acid

93
Q

Swelling effect 🡪 counteract shrinkage by other fixatives.

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

A

Trichloroacetic acid

94
Q

Weak decalcifying agent (softening effect)

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

A

Trichloroacetic acid

95
Q

Used at ice cold temperature from -5°C to 4°C.

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

96
Q

For fixing BRAIN TISSUE (rabies diagnosis)

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

97
Q

For diffusible enzymes such as phosphatases and lipases.

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

98
Q

Microwave: 45-55°C

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

A

Heat fixation

99
Q

Thermal coagulation of tissue proteins.

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

A

Heat fixation

100
Q

For bacteriologic smears.

[trichloroacetic, acetone, heat fixation]

A

Heat fixation

101
Q

Failure to arrest early autolysis of cells.

[cause]

A

Failure to fix immediately

102
Q

Removal of substances soluble in fixing agent.

[cause]

A

Wrong choice of fixatives

103
Q

Presence of artifact pigments.

[cause]

A

Incomplete fixation

104
Q

Tissue are soft and feather like.

[cause]

A

Incomplete fixation

105
Q

Loss or inactivation of enzymes.

[cause]

A

Wrong choice of fixative

106
Q

Shrinkage and swelling of cells.

[cause]

A

Overfixation

107
Q

Tissue blocks are brittle and hard.

[cause]

A

prolonged fixation

108
Q

Best mounting media for cryostat.

[methods of freezing]

A

Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT)

109
Q

Most rapid.

[methods of freezing]

A

Liquid nitrogen

110
Q

Cooled by liquid nitrogen.

[methods of freezing]

A

Isopentane

111
Q

Adequate for freezing small pieces of tissue EXCEPT muscle.

[methods of freezing]

A

Aerosol sprays

112
Q

For BM biopsies. FT: 1 ½ -2 hours.

[mercuric chloride (BOSCHZZ)]

A

B5 fixative

113
Q

[5] Steps in Mercuric chloride.

A

Water
Iodine
Water
Sodium Thiosulfate
Water

114
Q

[5] Pigments

A
  1. Acid formaldehyde hematin
  2. Mercuric chloride pigment
  3. Chromate pigment
  4. Osmium tetroxide pigment
  5. Crush artifact
115
Q

Helly’s, Zenker’s, Flemming’s

[washing out]

A

Tap water (chromates)

116
Q

picric acid (Bouin’s solution)

[washing out]

A

50 - 70 % alcoholic

117
Q

mercuric fixatives.

[washing out]

A

Alcoholic fixatives

118
Q

Fixes CT mucin and is recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides.

[metallic fixatives]

A

Lead fixatives

119
Q

to demonstrate chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, RBC.

[chromate fixatives]

A

Regaud’s

120
Q

To study early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis, preserves myelin better.

[chromate fixatives]

A

Orth’s fluid

121
Q

preserves CHO.

[chromate fixatives]

A

Chromic acid

122
Q

Preserves lipids and mitochondria (pH 4.5-5.2).

[chromate fixatives]

A

Potassium dichromate

123
Q

[2] Paraformaldehyde in Aldehyde Fixatives.

A
  1. Paraformaldehyde
  2. Acid Formaldehyde hematin
124
Q

[5] Steps in Picric Acid Fixatives.

A
  1. Picrates
  2. Protein
  3. Precipitate (water soluble)
  4. 70% alcohol
  5. Insoluble
125
Q

Frozen section may lead to formation of?

A

Ice crystals

126
Q

4% formalin or formol saline, acetone or formalin for cryostat section.

[fixative abs]

A

Fixative for enzyme histochemistry

127
Q

Glutaraldehyde, PtCl3, PtCl3– formalin (Zamboni’s), AuCl, Osmium tetroxide, 10% NBF = acceptable but not recommended.

[fixative abc]

A

Fixatives for EM

128
Q

KARNOVSKY’S PARAFORMALDEHYDE GLUTARALDEHYDE

[fixative abc]

A

Fixative for electron histochemistry and electron immunocytochemistry.

129
Q

pH of Potassium dichromate.

130
Q

Example of Additive Fixation.

131
Q

Example of Non- additive fixation.

A

Alcoholic fixatives

132
Q

Most important reaction for maintaining tissue morphology.

[fixation/preservation]

A

Stabilization of proteins

133
Q

To harden and protect the tissue from the trauma of further handling.

[fixation/reservation]

A

Secondary aim

134
Q

To preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell in as life-like manner as possible.

[fixation/preservation]

A

Primary aim

135
Q

Process of preserving cells and tissue constituents.

[fixation/preservation]

A

First and most critical step

136
Q

The tissue is preserved by preventing degeneration, putrefaction, decomposition and distortion.

[fixation/preservation]

A

First and most critical step

137
Q

Diluted in 10% NaCl.

[aldehyde fixatives]

A

10 % formol saline

138
Q

For routine post mortem tissues.

[aldehyde fixatives]

A

Formol corrosive

139
Q

w/ HgCl2.

[aldehyde fixatives]

A

Formol corrosive

140
Q

Mixture w/ formaldehyde/formaldehyde.

[aldehyde fixtatives]

141
Q

Lipids (frozen section]

[aldehyde fixatives]

A

Formol-calcium

HPCT 311 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions