Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards by Lara Everett | Brainscape

Q

what are neurons

A

receive information from synapses in dendritic tree that cause changes in membrane potential
can generate action potential form axon hillock, travel down axon and collaterals to stimulate

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Q

summary of what occurs at a synapse

A

action potentials stimulate the opening of calcium channels
synaptic vesicles fuse with pre synaptic membrane
release neurotransmitter

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Q

different neurotransmitters

A

glutamate which is excitatory
GABA which is inhibitory

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Q

what stains DNA

A

DAPI

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Q

what are neurons classified into

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
pseudounipolar

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Q

what is in the image

A

cortical pyramidal cell

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Q

what is in the image

A

retinal bipolar cell

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Q

what is in the image

A

retinal ganglion cell

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Q

what is in the image

A

retinal amacrine cell

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Q

what is in the image

A

neurons in the mesecephalic nucleus of cranial nerve V

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Q

what is in the image q

A

cerebellar purkinje cells

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Q

which cells are located at each letter

A

A- cortical pyramidal cell
B- retinal; bipolar cell
C- retinal ganglion cell
D- retinal amacrine cell
E- neurons in mesencephalic nucleus of cranial nerve V
F- cerebellar purkinje cells

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Q

neuroglia, PNS

A

satellite cells and Schwann cells are analogues of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
no blood brain barrier between immune system and PNS
so equivalents of microglia are macrophages of immune system

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Q

what is in the image

A

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglial cell

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Q

how is the nervous system structurally divided

A

CNS and PNS

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Q

how is the nervous system functionally divided

A

sensory Vs motor
or
somatic vs autonomic

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Q

components of the central nervous system

A

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Q

sensory components

A

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Q

motor components

A

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Q

peripheral nervous system components

A

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Q

effectors components

A

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Q

afferents

A

fibres carrying signals towards a structure

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Q

efferents

A

fibres carrying signals away

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Q

arrangement of axons in the CNS

A

into tracts
can be ipsilateral or contralateral

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Q

tract arrangement

A

red is ipsi
blue is contra

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Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neurones outside the NS

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Q

nucleus

A

cluster or neurons inside the CNS

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Q

sulcus

A

groove

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Q

fissure

A

valley

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Q

gyrus

A

folded cortex

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Q

fasciculus

A

particular cluster of axons

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Q

funiculus

A

general area of white matter

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Q

grey matter

A

neurons

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Q

white matter

A

axons

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Q

what is the Brian dominated by

A

the cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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Q

spinal cord is segmental and contains cervical and lumbar enlargements, why?

A

to process information related to upper and lower limbs

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Q

what are meninges

A

membranes

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Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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Q

what circulates within the arachnoid mater

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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Q

dura

A

tough, leather
sits immediately deep to the skull
contains meningeal arteries

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Q

where does the dura extend to

A

the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

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Q

where does the dura extend to

A

the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

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Q

where does the dura extend to

A

the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Q

where does the dura extend to

A

the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Q

where does the dura extend to

A

the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Q

where does the dura extend to

A

the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Q

where does the dura extend to

A

the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Q

label the dural reflections

A

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

what creates CSf

A

choroid plexus

Q

choroid plexus

A

heavily vascularised tissue
on inner lining of the brain ventricles
secretes CSF
actively transports metabolites from blood to CSF and acts as site of immune cell passage into CSF

Q

where does the CSF flow into

A

the subarachnoid space
absorbed into the venous sinuses

Q

label the image of the coronal section

A

Q

meninges in the spinal cord

A

suspended by dentate ligament
which is specialised arachnoid

Q

when spinal cord finishes at L1/L2 what is left

A

lumbar cistern
containing spinal nerves

Q

label the image

A

Q

what does the caudal equine allow

A

safe lumbar punctures to enable sampling of CSF or delivery of antibiotics or dyes for pyelogram or epidural

Q

divisions of the PNS

A

somatic and visceral/autonomic

Q

how many spinal nerves is there

A

31

Q

how many cervical nerves

A

8

Q

how many thoracic nerves

A

12

Q

how many lumbar nerves

A

5

Q

how many sacral nerves

A

5

Q

how many coccygeal nerves

A

1

Q

what type of nerves are spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves
carry both somatic and visceral axons

Q

label the image of a peripheral nerve

A

Q

what is the perineurium

A

layer of connective tissue within a nerve that surrounds a nerve fascicle

Q

where does the endoneurium lie

A

inside of the perineurium

Q

endoneurium

A

composed of endoneural bundles of connective tissue, mainly collagen
and endoneural fluid
the PNS analogue of CNS

Q

label the image of a peripheral nerve

A

Q

what can Schwann cells be

A

myelinating or non-myelinating

Q

label the image of a Schwann cell

A

red is myelinating
blue is non-myelinating

Q

what are Schwann cells functional analogues of

A

oligodendrocytes in the CNS

Q

cervical nerves

A

emerge superior to respective vertebrae
but cervical nerve 8 emerges below C7

Q

thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves

A

emerge inferior to respective vertebrae

Q

what is a dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by a single nerve root

Q

shingles

A

varicella costa virus VZV
infection spreads from dorsal root ganglia down nerve and erupts at peripheral nerve terminals
outlines dermatome of DRG

Q

myotomes

A

group of muscles innervated by a single nerve root

Q

types of cranial nerves

A

sensory
motor
mixed

Q

sensory cranial nerves

A

olfactory
optic
vestibulocochlear

Q

motor cranial nerves

A

oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory
hypoglossal

Q

mixed cranial nerves

A

trigeminal
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus

Q

how to remember the cranial nerves in order

A

Q

label the cranial nerves

A

Q

autonomic nervous system

A

associated with viscera and includes sensory and motor components
motor divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

Q

enteric nervous system

A

capable of autonomous control of gut peristalsis
contains complete sensorimotor circuits that can function independently of CNS input but which are regulated by parasympathetic and sympathetic

Q

hypothalamus control of ANS

A

signals extensively to brainstem and spinal cord

Q

neural crest

A

progenitor cells that migrate out of the crest of the brain and give rise to PNS

Q

what does the Vagal crest give rise to

A

the ENS

Q

what is in the image

A

shows Hirschsprung’s disease

Q

what is hirschsprungs disease

A

Hirschsprung’s disease is a rare condition that causes poo to become stuck in the bowels. It’s mainly diagnosed in babies and young children. Normally, the bowel continuously squeezes and relaxes to push poo along, a process controlled by your nervous system.