Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards
what are neurons
receive information from synapses in dendritic tree that cause changes in membrane potential
can generate action potential form axon hillock, travel down axon and collaterals to stimulate
summary of what occurs at a synapse
action potentials stimulate the opening of calcium channels
synaptic vesicles fuse with pre synaptic membrane
release neurotransmitter
different neurotransmitters
glutamate which is excitatory
GABA which is inhibitory
what stains DNA
DAPI
what are neurons classified into
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
pseudounipolar
what is in the image
cortical pyramidal cell
what is in the image
retinal bipolar cell
what is in the image
retinal ganglion cell
what is in the image
retinal amacrine cell
what is in the image
neurons in the mesecephalic nucleus of cranial nerve V
what is in the image q
cerebellar purkinje cells
which cells are located at each letter
A- cortical pyramidal cell
B- retinal; bipolar cell
C- retinal ganglion cell
D- retinal amacrine cell
E- neurons in mesencephalic nucleus of cranial nerve V
F- cerebellar purkinje cells
neuroglia, PNS
satellite cells and Schwann cells are analogues of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
no blood brain barrier between immune system and PNS
so equivalents of microglia are macrophages of immune system
what is in the image
astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglial cell
how is the nervous system structurally divided
CNS and PNS
how is the nervous system functionally divided
sensory Vs motor
or
somatic vs autonomic
components of the central nervous system
sensory components
motor components
peripheral nervous system components
effectors components
afferents
fibres carrying signals towards a structure
efferents
fibres carrying signals away
arrangement of axons in the CNS
into tracts
can be ipsilateral or contralateral
tract arrangement
red is ipsi
blue is contra
ganglion
cluster of neurones outside the NS
nucleus
cluster or neurons inside the CNS
sulcus
groove
fissure
valley
gyrus
folded cortex
fasciculus
particular cluster of axons
funiculus
general area of white matter
grey matter
neurons
white matter
axons
what is the Brian dominated by
the cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
spinal cord is segmental and contains cervical and lumbar enlargements, why?
to process information related to upper and lower limbs
what are meninges
membranes
3 layers of meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what circulates within the arachnoid mater
cerebrospinal fluid
dura
tough, leather
sits immediately deep to the skull
contains meningeal arteries
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity
to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
label the dural reflections
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
choroid plexus
heavily vascularised tissue
on inner lining of the brain ventricles
secretes CSF
actively transports metabolites from blood to CSF and acts as site of immune cell passage into CSF
where does the CSF flow into
the subarachnoid space
absorbed into the venous sinuses
label the image of the coronal section
meninges in the spinal cord
suspended by dentate ligament
which is specialised arachnoid
when spinal cord finishes at L1/L2 what is left
lumbar cistern
containing spinal nerves
label the image
what does the caudal equine allow
safe lumbar punctures to enable sampling of CSF or delivery of antibiotics or dyes for pyelogram or epidural
divisions of the PNS
somatic and visceral/autonomic
how many spinal nerves is there
31
how many cervical nerves
8
how many thoracic nerves
12
how many lumbar nerves
5
how many sacral nerves
5
how many coccygeal nerves
1
what type of nerves are spinal nerves
mixed nerves
carry both somatic and visceral axons
label the image of a peripheral nerve
what is the perineurium
layer of connective tissue within a nerve that surrounds a nerve fascicle
where does the endoneurium lie
inside of the perineurium
endoneurium
composed of endoneural bundles of connective tissue, mainly collagen
and endoneural fluid
the PNS analogue of CNS
label the image of a peripheral nerve
what can Schwann cells be
myelinating or non-myelinating
label the image of a Schwann cell
red is myelinating
blue is non-myelinating
what are Schwann cells functional analogues of
oligodendrocytes in the CNS
cervical nerves
emerge superior to respective vertebrae
but cervical nerve 8 emerges below C7
thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves
emerge inferior to respective vertebrae
what is a dermatome
area of skin innervated by a single nerve root
shingles
varicella costa virus VZV
infection spreads from dorsal root ganglia down nerve and erupts at peripheral nerve terminals
outlines dermatome of DRG
myotomes
group of muscles innervated by a single nerve root
types of cranial nerves
sensory
motor
mixed
sensory cranial nerves
olfactory
optic
vestibulocochlear
motor cranial nerves
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory
hypoglossal
mixed cranial nerves
trigeminal
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus
how to remember the cranial nerves in order
label the cranial nerves
autonomic nervous system
associated with viscera and includes sensory and motor components
motor divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic
fight or flight
parasympathetic
rest and digest
enteric nervous system
capable of autonomous control of gut peristalsis
contains complete sensorimotor circuits that can function independently of CNS input but which are regulated by parasympathetic and sympathetic
hypothalamus control of ANS
signals extensively to brainstem and spinal cord
neural crest
progenitor cells that migrate out of the crest of the brain and give rise to PNS
what does the Vagal crest give rise to
the ENS
what is in the image
shows Hirschsprung’s disease
what is hirschsprungs disease
Hirschsprung’s disease is a rare condition that causes poo to become stuck in the bowels. It’s mainly diagnosed in babies and young children. Normally, the bowel continuously squeezes and relaxes to push poo along, a process controlled by your nervous system.
