Brain anatomy lecture Flashcards
gastrulation
embryos undergo this process
creates the gut
blastopore in humans and other vertebrae will form the anus and mouth breaks through anterior end to create through-gut
neurulation
production of a central nervous system
left to right
label the image
what is encephalisation
an increase in brain or neocortex size relative to body size, size of lower brain areas, and/or evolutionary time
where does encephalisation occur
in the neural tube at the anterior end
what are the three primary brain vesicles
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
forebrain vesicles
telencephalon vesicles
diencephalon
optic vesicles
forebrain evagination
produces 2 secondary brain vesicles which are the telencephalon and diencephalon
label the image
what are the 4 ventricles of the brain
laterals
third
fourth
embryology
cephalic, cervical and pontine flexures are conserved feature of mammalian neural development but cortex and cerebellum expand owing to the proliferation of neural progenitor cells meaning they can dominate the cranial cavity postnatally
bipedal
using only two legs for walking
what are the 5 cortical lobes of the brain
frontal
pariteal
occipital
temporal
insula
label the lobes in the image
basal ganglia
comprise the caudate and putamen (dorsal striatum), ventral striatum, globes pallid us and ventral palladium
label the axial view of the basal ganglia
label the lateral view of the basal ganglia
what does the ventral striatum include
the nucleus accumbens (acb/ac)
what is the globes pallid us separated into
external Gpe and internal Gpi nuclei
what does the globes pallid us sit above
the ventral palladium VP
label the basal ganglia in the parasagittal section
caudate
tail
putamen
that which falls off in opining
striatum
striped
globus pallidus
pale body
thalamus
inner chambre
what is the brainstem divided into
midbrain
pons
medulla
label this midsagittal section
where does the third ventricle sit
within the diencephalon
(thalamus and hypothalamus)
what runs through the midbrain into the fourth ventricle
the cerebral aqueduct
where does the fourth ventricle sit
within the hindbrain
(pons, medulla and cerebellum)
what is the midbrain involved in
visual and auditory reflexes (dorsally) and has important motor functions ventrally
label the image
what is the pons
site of communication between cerebellum and rest of CNS
what does the medulla coordinate
subconscious sensorimotor integration
function of the cerebellum
integration of proprioceptive information with motor commands
conditions of the cerebellum generally involve issues with balance and coordination
what is medulloblastoma
most common malignant paediatric primary brain tumour
what is cerebellar agenesis
complete absence of the cerebellum
what is the cortex classified into
paleocortex
archicortex
neocortex
what dominates the human cerebral cortex
the neocortex
what are the brodmann areas
the different thicknesses in the 6 layers
there’s 52
what exists in the primary motor cortex (M1)
topographic map of the body
what is the density of the cortical neurons that generate information proportional to
the degree of control in the body
primary motor cortex
M1- BA4
primary somatosensory cortex
S1-BA1/2/3
what is in the primary somatosensory cortex
in S1 topographic map of the body
recipient of information rather than the generator of commands
information travels to it from spinal and brainstem nuclei, primary sensory neurons
somatosensation
comprises general sensation
touch, pain,prorpioception
primary auditory cortex
A1-BA41
what is in the primary auditory cortex
topographic map
but this time of sound frequency
primary visual cortex
V1-BA17
what is in the primary visual cortex
visual world is projected onto V1 in a topographic map
human condition
sheer massive amount of association cortex
where our complex ideas come from
