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Medicine Unit 6 > Control of movement > Flashcards

Control of movement Flashcards

1
Q

label the image (areas)

A
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2
Q

supplementary motor cortex function

A

coordination of complex learned responses (throwing, typing)
coordination of large muscles for posture

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3
Q

primary motor cortex function

A

intentions produce output to spinal cord that yield motor outcomes

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4
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

touch input from entire body (homunculus)
some output to prefrontal and spinal cord

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5
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

integrates body position and location of external objects
output goes to prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

primary visual cortex

A

identification of colours, lines edges, depth

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7
Q

brainstem function

A

species-specific behaviours
origin of motor neurons to spinal cord

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8
Q

cerebellum function

A

motor learning
fine correction of speed and distance of ongoing movements

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9
Q

prefrontal cortex function

A

overall planning of movements
specifies goal of movement, not details

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10
Q

premotor cortex function

A

organises semences of movements
location of some mirror neurons

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11
Q

label image of motor cortex

A
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12
Q

motor pathways

A

corticospinal
corticobulbar

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13
Q

label the 2 tracts

A
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14
Q

signs of an upper motor neurone UMN lesion

A

weakness
no atrophy but mild may develop due to disease
no fasciculation’s
increased reflexes
increased tone

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15
Q

signs of a lower motor neurone LMN lesion

A

weakness
atrophy
fasciculation’s
decreased reflexes
decreased tone

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16
Q

3 different paralysis patterns

A

quadriplegia
paraplegia
hemiplegia

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17
Q

what is in the image

A

quadriplegia

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18
Q

what is in the image

A

paraplegia

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19
Q

what is in the image

A

hemiplegia

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20
Q

label the anatomy of the cerebellum

A
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

vermis function

A

has a little homunculus or representation of the body
trunk in the middle of the vermis, legs and arms in the paravermal area (intermediate zone)
gets lots of sensory input
to do with balance
vermis lesions lead to loss of axial or truncal balance
alcohol is a typical cause and on scan will see vermis atrophy

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23
Q

lesion in cerebellar hemispheres

A

lead to same side incoordination of the limb
e.g. ipsilateral unlike motor cortex supplies contralateral hand

24
Q

corticocerebellum

A

cortex and pontine connections, thalamus, visually guided movements

25
spinocerebellum
lots of proprioceptive information, vermis and paravermal
26
vestibulocerebellum
equivalent of floculonodular lobe balance and ocular fixation
27
purpose of the cerebellum
tone posture and balance coordination all subconscious motor learning
28
movement disorder is caused by what
cerebellar dysfunction
29
cerebellar dysfunction
impairs motor function of the body ipsilateral to the lesion most apparent on movement not at rest no numbness/paralysis
30
ataxia
defect in force/range/direction/rate of movement move more consciously than normal
31
past pointing
overshoot touching object with finger
32
intention tremor
more tremor of hand towards a target
33
dysdiadochokinesis
difficult repetitive supin/pronation scanning speech/decomposition of movement
34
examples of movement disorders caused by cerebellar function
ataxia past pointing intention tremor dysdiadochokinesis
35
cerebellum location
back of the brain immediately inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes within the posterior cranial fossa separated from loves by tentorium cerebelli (dura mater) lies at same level and posterior to the pons, separated by the 4th ventricle rhombencephalon white and grey matter white matter has deep nuclei
36
function of the cerebellum
doesn't initiate movement contributes to coordination, precision and accurate timing receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain including cerebral cortex and integrates these inputs to fine tune motor
37
what does the image show
cerebellar lesion
38
functions of the basal ganglia
plays an important role in planning and programming of movement by selecting and inhibiting specific motor synergies cognitive processes (caudate nucleus specifically) including the awareness of the body orientation in space ability to adapt behaviour as task requirements change and motivation
39
neurotransmitters and pathways in basal ganglia
40
categories of basal ganglia disorders
hyperkinetic hypokinetic
41
hyperkinetic basal ganglia disorders
athetosis chorea hemiballismus resting tremor
42
hypokinetic basal ganglia disorders
bradykinesia rigid increase in muscle tone
43
athetosis
slow writhing hands and fingers
44
chorea
fidgety distal limb
45
hemiballismus
sudden flinging/chorea
46
resting tremor
rhythmic oscillatory movement
47
classic triad of Parkinson's symptoms
bradykinesia- slowness rigidity- stiffness, increased tone tremor- pill rolling, 4-6 Hz, resting also postural instability
48
what is seen in cut section of the midbrain in Parkinsons
diminished substantially nigra
49
what is Parkinsonism
refers to group of disorders that produce abnormalities of basal ganglia function
50
most common form of Parkinsonism
parkinsons disease or idiopathic Parkinsonism
51
cause of secondary Parkinsonism
virus toxins drugs tumours
52
Parkinsonism plus syndromes
refer to those conditions that mimic PD is some respects symptoms are caused by some other neurodegenerative disorders
53
typical presentation of parkinsons
gradual onset tremor at rest usually first noticed in the hands stiffness and slowness of movement difficulty initiating movements falls but not frequent early on smaller hand writing
54
signs of Parkinsons disease
abnormal stooped posture leads to festinating gait, shorter stride length and greater speed small steps, shuffling especially on turns parche a petit pieds stooped slow
55
examination of parkinsons and Parkinsonism
face- expressionless, mask like, reduced blinking
56
motor features of parkinsons disease
cogwheel type, mostly upper limbs: rigidity with superimposed tremor, felt as tightness, stiffness of muscles, catch release catch release like movement stiffness in: neck, trunk, shoulders posture: head bowed, body bent forward, arms flexed, thumbs turned into palms, knees bent
57
parkinsons examinations
monotonous speech slurred asymmetrical resting pillrolling tremor increased tone cog wheeling dyskinesias power normal reflexes normal sensation normal coordination normal but may be slow gait stooped posture shuffling reduced arm swing difficulty turning draw spiral open and close hands

Medicine Unit 6 (23 decks)

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