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Medicine Unit 6 > Control of movement > Flashcards

Control of movement Flashcards

1
Q

label the image (areas)

A
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2
Q

supplementary motor cortex function

A

coordination of complex learned responses (throwing, typing)
coordination of large muscles for posture

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3
Q

primary motor cortex function

A

intentions produce output to spinal cord that yield motor outcomes

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4
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

touch input from entire body (homunculus)
some output to prefrontal and spinal cord

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5
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

integrates body position and location of external objects
output goes to prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

primary visual cortex

A

identification of colours, lines edges, depth

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7
Q

brainstem function

A

species-specific behaviours
origin of motor neurons to spinal cord

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8
Q

cerebellum function

A

motor learning
fine correction of speed and distance of ongoing movements

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9
Q

prefrontal cortex function

A

overall planning of movements
specifies goal of movement, not details

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10
Q

premotor cortex function

A

organises semences of movements
location of some mirror neurons

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11
Q

label image of motor cortex

A
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12
Q

motor pathways

A

corticospinal
corticobulbar

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13
Q

label the 2 tracts

A
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14
Q

signs of an upper motor neurone UMN lesion

A

weakness
no atrophy but mild may develop due to disease
no fasciculation’s
increased reflexes
increased tone

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15
Q

signs of a lower motor neurone LMN lesion

A

weakness
atrophy
fasciculation’s
decreased reflexes
decreased tone

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16
Q

3 different paralysis patterns

A

quadriplegia
paraplegia
hemiplegia

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17
Q

what is in the image

A

quadriplegia

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18
Q

what is in the image

A

paraplegia

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19
Q

what is in the image

A

hemiplegia

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20
Q

label the anatomy of the cerebellum

A
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

vermis function

A

has a little homunculus or representation of the body
trunk in the middle of the vermis, legs and arms in the paravermal area (intermediate zone)
gets lots of sensory input
to do with balance
vermis lesions lead to loss of axial or truncal balance
alcohol is a typical cause and on scan will see vermis atrophy

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23
Q

lesion in cerebellar hemispheres

A

lead to same side incoordination of the limb
e.g. ipsilateral unlike motor cortex supplies contralateral hand

24
Q

corticocerebellum

A

cortex and pontine connections, thalamus, visually guided movements

25
Q

spinocerebellum

A

lots of proprioceptive information, vermis and paravermal

26
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

equivalent of floculonodular lobe
balance and ocular fixation

27
Q

purpose of the cerebellum

A

tone
posture and balance
coordination
all subconscious
motor learning

28
Q

movement disorder is caused by what

A

cerebellar dysfunction

29
Q

cerebellar dysfunction

A

impairs motor function of the body ipsilateral to the lesion
most apparent on movement not at rest
no numbness/paralysis

30
Q

ataxia

A

defect in force/range/direction/rate of movement
move more consciously than normal

31
Q

past pointing

A

overshoot touching object with finger

32
Q

intention tremor

A

more tremor of hand towards a target

33
Q

dysdiadochokinesis

A

difficult repetitive supin/pronation
scanning speech/decomposition of movement

34
Q

examples of movement disorders caused by cerebellar function

A

ataxia
past pointing
intention tremor
dysdiadochokinesis

35
Q

cerebellum location

A

back of the brain
immediately inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes
within the posterior cranial fossa
separated from loves by tentorium cerebelli (dura mater)
lies at same level and posterior to the pons, separated by the 4th ventricle
rhombencephalon
white and grey matter
white matter has deep nuclei

36
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

doesn’t initiate movement
contributes to coordination, precision and accurate timing
receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain including cerebral cortex and integrates these inputs to fine tune motor

37
Q

what does the image show

A

cerebellar lesion

38
Q

functions of the basal ganglia

A

plays an important role in planning and programming of movement by selecting and inhibiting specific motor synergies
cognitive processes (caudate nucleus specifically) including the awareness of the body orientation in space
ability to adapt behaviour as task requirements change and motivation

39
Q

neurotransmitters and pathways in basal ganglia

A
40
Q

categories of basal ganglia disorders

A

hyperkinetic
hypokinetic

41
Q

hyperkinetic basal ganglia disorders

A

athetosis
chorea
hemiballismus
resting tremor

42
Q

hypokinetic basal ganglia disorders

A

bradykinesia
rigid increase in muscle tone

43
Q

athetosis

A

slow writhing hands and fingers

44
Q

chorea

A

fidgety distal limb

45
Q

hemiballismus

A

sudden flinging/chorea

46
Q

resting tremor

A

rhythmic oscillatory movement

47
Q

classic triad of Parkinson’s symptoms

A

bradykinesia- slowness
rigidity- stiffness, increased tone
tremor- pill rolling, 4-6 Hz, resting

also postural instability

48
Q

what is seen in cut section of the midbrain in Parkinsons

A

diminished substantially nigra

49
Q

what is Parkinsonism

A

refers to group of disorders that produce abnormalities of basal ganglia function

50
Q

most common form of Parkinsonism

A

parkinsons disease or idiopathic Parkinsonism

51
Q

cause of secondary Parkinsonism

A

virus
toxins
drugs
tumours

52
Q

Parkinsonism plus syndromes

A

refer to those conditions that mimic PD is some respects
symptoms are caused by some other neurodegenerative disorders

53
Q

typical presentation of parkinsons

A

gradual onset
tremor at rest usually first noticed in the hands
stiffness and slowness of movement
difficulty initiating movements
falls but not frequent early on
smaller hand writing

54
Q

signs of Parkinsons disease

A

abnormal stooped posture leads to festinating gait, shorter stride length and greater speed
small steps, shuffling especially on turns
parche a petit pieds
stooped
slow

55
Q

examination of parkinsons and Parkinsonism

A

face- expressionless, mask like, reduced blinking

56
Q

motor features of parkinsons disease

A

cogwheel type, mostly upper limbs: rigidity with superimposed tremor, felt as tightness, stiffness of muscles, catch release catch release like movement
stiffness in: neck, trunk, shoulders
posture: head bowed, body bent forward, arms flexed, thumbs turned into palms, knees bent

57
Q

parkinsons examinations

A

monotonous speech
slurred
asymmetrical resting pillrolling tremor
increased tone cog wheeling
dyskinesias
power normal
reflexes normal
sensation normal
coordination normal but may be slow
gait
stooped posture
shuffling
reduced arm swing
difficulty turning
draw spiral
open and close hands

Medicine Unit 6 (23 decks)

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