Introduction to Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three imaging planes.

A

sagittal plane

coronal plane

transverse (axial) plane

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2
Q

sagittal plane

A

longitudinal section that divides the body into right and left sections

midsagittal (median) plane - in midline

parasagittal - unequal right and left portions

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3
Q

coronal plane

A

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

perpendicular to sagittal plane

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4
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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5
Q

Name six imaging modalities

A

x-ray radiographs

ultrasound

computerized tomography (CT)

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

nuclear medicine

positron emission tomography (PET)

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6
Q

x-rays

A

electromagnetic waves produced by bombardment of a tungsten target with an electron beam

shorter wave length than visible light

radiographic images depend on differences in absorption of xray radiation by different tissues

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7
Q

effective radiation dose

A

calculated value, masured in mSv, that takes into account:

  • absorved dose to all organs in the body
  • relative harm level of the radiation
  • sensitivities of each organ to radiation
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8
Q

What is the average background radiation exposure in the US?

A

3 mSv per year

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9
Q

ALARA principle

A

as low as reasonably achievable - try to decrease the dose for all the tests that are done

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10
Q

five basic x-ray densities

A

air (most black)

fat

soft tissue or water (shades of gray)

calcium or bone

metal or contrast (most white)

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11
Q

mammography

A

technique utilized to maximize soft tissue differentiation

screening for breast cancer

diagnostic work-up of patients with breast problems

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12
Q

GI contrast studies

A

x-ray studies using barium or dilute water soluble iodine solution to evaluate GI tract

contrast administered orally to evaluate esophagus, stomach, and small bowel

contrast introduced via a rectal tuve for study of large colon

air contrast exams for mucosal detail

fluoroscopic monitoring

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13
Q

angiography

A

injection of a contrast agent into a blood vessel followed by xray imaging of the blood vessel or area of the body fed by that vessel

used to evaluate coronary arteries as well as peripheral vasculature

also used to evaluate abdominal vasculature

can be used in tumor evaluation and to guide treatment

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14
Q

myelography

A

introduction of contrast material into the spinal subarachnoid space

used to evaluate disc disease as well as diseases in and around the spinal cord

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15
Q

arthrography

A

injection of contrast and or air into a joint space

can be used to evaluate the shoulder joint as well as the write joint, knee, or ankle

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16
Q

computer tomography

A

computer algorithm generates cross sectional images based on x-ray beam array passed through the body

all body parts can be imaged

image descriptor is density

intravenous (iodine based) and oral (barium or iodine based) contrast may be used to enhance anatomic and tissue differentiation

17
Q

ultrasound

A

image based on computerized processing of sound

image descriptor is echogenicity

sound beam cannot pass through air

fluid is black

can be used in multiple areas of the body

good soft tissue differentiation

no known side effects

modality of choice for imaging pregnant woman

18
Q

duplex doppler

A

provides vascular flow direction and velocity information

vascular flow information superimposed on grayscale anatomic image

19
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

computer generated image obtained by placing patient in a magnetic field and applying a radiofrequency pulse to change alignment of hydrogen protons

may use intravenous contrast (gadolinium)

image descriptor is signal

tissue caracterized with different pulse sequences

multiple scan planes possible

20
Q

nuclear medicine

A

image generated by radioactive agent tagged to a tissue specific molecule

Tc99m frequently the radioactive agent

physiologic imaging rather than anatomic detail

examples - bone scan, hepatobiliary scan, tagged RBC study, cardiovascular studies

image descriptor is activity

21
Q

positron emission tomography

A

radioactive isotope of a normally occurring element inserted into a molecule used by the body, such as glucose

physiological imaging

evaluate areas of increased uptake

imaging descriptor is activity

22
Q

evaluating an image

A

systematic approach

recognize normal anatomy

look for something that is missing or something extra