Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards
the study of heredity and variation
Genetics
study of transmission of traits and biological information between generations
Heredity
unit of heredity & segment of DNA carrying information
Gene
3 categories of traits
Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral
3 primary sources of genetic variation
Mutations
Gene flow
Sex
Changes in DNA
Mutations
Movement of genes from one population to another
Gene flow
Introduces new genetic combination that leads to genetic shuffling
Sex
1st law of Classical Genetics
Law of Segregation
2nd law of Classical Genetics
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment is based on?
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
5 Nitrogenous bases
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
DNA or RNA
Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine with Guanine
DNA
DNA or RNA
Adenine pairs with Uracil and Cytosine with Guanine
RNA
Types of RNA
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
Study about the changes in gene frequencies
Evolutionary Genetics
Living organisms may come from non-living material
Abiogenesis
Theory that organisms develop from mini versions of themselves
Preformation
He studied a cork and coined the term “cell”
Robert Hooke (1665)
Discovered living organisms particularly the protozoa and bacteria from rainwater
Anton van Leuwenhoek (1674)
Published The Origin of Species, which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin (1859)
Published Experiments in Plant Hybridization
Gregor Mendel (1866)
Isolated nucleic acid from pus cells
First to identify DNA as a distinct molecule and that the genetic material is located in the nucleus
Friedrich Miescher (1869)
Proved that the genetic material is indeed located in the nucleus
Ernst Haeckel (1871)
Who are those that rediscovered Mendel’s work
Carl Correns
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermak
(1902)
Discovered that alkaptonuria, a human disease, has a genetic basis
Archibald Garrod (1903)
Hypothesized the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis, thus leading to the discovery that genes are located on chromosomes
Walter Sutton (1903)
Coined the term “gene”
Wilhelm Johannsen
Discovered linkage between genes and coined the term “epistasis” and “genetics”
William Bateson (1904)
Who are those that discovered the science of genetic linkage and coined the term “epistasis”
Reginald Punnet
William Bateson
(1910)
describes the interaction between two diffferent traits
Epistasis
Proved that genes are located on the chromosomes and discovered XX and XY chromosomes
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component
R.A. Fisher (1918)
Showed that X-rays induce mutations
Herman J. Muller (1926)
Showed that DNA can transform bacteria, demonstrating that DNA is the hereditary material
Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod
Maclyn Mccarty
(1944)
Determined the structure of the DNA molecule, which leads directly to knowledge of how it replicates
James Watson
Francis Crick
(1953)
Solved the genetic code, showing 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid
Marshall Nirenberg
(1966)
An enzyme found in retroviruses, was discovered and was used in cloning genes
Reverse Transcriptase (1970)
1st to create a recombinant DNA molecule
Paul Berg (1972)
Combine DNA from two diferent species invitro, then transformed it into bacterial cells
Stanley Cohen
Herbert Boyer
(1972)
Introduced the process of sequencing the genome of a bacteriophage
Frederick Sanger (1977)
Invented the process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Kary Mullis (1983)
In this technique, a segment of the DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time
Polymerase Chain Reaction
They have successfully cloned Dolly the sheep
Ian Wilmut
Keith Campbell
(1996)
First mammal to be cloned from an adult cell
Dolly the sheep
Simply differences in genetic sequence
Variation
