Fertilization Flashcards
Embryo is in the first 8 weeks
Prenatal Development
This is when after 1 week of fertilization, the fertilized egg will now move and attach to the uterus
Pre Implantation
When does Pre Implantation Occur
1st Week
Week where tissue layers are developed
2nd week
When does fetal period occur and the body parts will grow
After 8 weeks
Pregnancy is numbered and measured by
weeks
When does Fetal Development end
at Birth
Sperm cell attaches to the jelly coat of the egg
Fertilization
Number of days that sperm cells can survive in a woman’s body
3 days
Number of hours that oocytes need to be fertilized after being released
12 to 24 hrs
A mechanism that aids in fertilization where chemicals are released to drive sperm cells away
Capacitation
When the Sperm Cell attaches to the jelly coat of the egg, it first comes in contact with what
Corona Radiata
Contains digestive enzymes that eat away the jelly layer
Acrosome Cap
What the sperm cell penetrates the egg cell, it burst and is able to penetrate what
Glycoprotein layer of egg
What begins when the sperm and secondary oocyte meet
Fertilization
A species-specific boundary involved in Sperm-Egg recognition
Vitelline Layer
Formed during fertilization, when the DNA of the sperm and the egg combine
Diploid Zygote
Occurs when the DNA of the sperm and the egg fuse, and if the two sets of chromosomes called pro-nuclei appear
DNA Replication
Entrance of multiple sperms
Polyspermy
The formation, maturation, and union of the Ovum and Sperm
Fertilization
Role of Ovum or Sperm?
Contribute the maternal component of genes
Role of Ovum
Role of Ovum or Sperm?
Reach and penetrate the egg
Role of Sperm
Role of Ovum or Sperm?
Reject all sperms but one
Role of Ovum
Role of Ovum or Sperm?
Activate the egg to nuclear and cytoplasmic division necessary to embryonic development
Role of Sperm
Role of Ovum or Sperm?
Provide food reserve until the embryo begins to feed upon exogenous material
Role of Ovum
Role of Ovum or Sperm?
Contribute the paternal complement of genes
Role of Sperm
Changes that occur between sperm and ovum to allow only one sperm to successfully penetrate the ovum
Capacitation
Mitotic division of the zygote into a morula
Cleavage
Ball of cells that will form a blastula that will implant in the uterus
Morula
Stages of Fertilization
Penetration
Activation
Nuclear Fusion
Stages of Fertilization
- Random contact between sperm and egg
- Sperm propels past corona cells and attach to zona pellucida
Penetration
Stages of Fertilization
Completion of Meiosis of ovum which forms female pronucleus
Activation
Stages of Fertilization
- Union of 2 pronuclei
- Loss of nuclear envelope, contribution of chromosomes to first mitotic cleavage
Nuclear Fusion
The time the sex will be identified
Conception
Determines if the chromosome will be an X or a Y
Sperm Cell
Oocyte will always carry what chromosome
X chromosome
The rapid succession of cell division
Cleavage (The Blastula Stage)
Zygotes undergo cell divisions and the produced cells are called?
Blastomeres
What do zygotes undergo after fertilization?
Mitosis and Cleavage
When do blastocysts begin to attach to the endometrium of the uterus in the process of implantation
1 week after Conception
A process where the trophoblast cell of the blastocyst secrete Human Chronic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Implantation
Chemical that is detected in pregnancy test kits
Human Chronic Gonadotropin (HCG)
When is the secondary oocyte released
After ovulation
Stages of Prenatal Development
- Pre-embryonic period
- Embryonic period
- Fetal period
3 Primary germ cells
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Primary Germ cells:
- Layer nearest to amniotic cavity
- Differentiates into skin and nervous tissue and parts of the glands
Ectoderm
Primary Germ cells:
- Middle Layer
- Differentiates into structures like muscles
Mesoderm
Primary Germ cells:
Layer closer to blastocyst cavity
Endoderm
Stages of Prenatal Development:
First 2 weeks after fertilization of egg/formation of zygote
Pre-embryonic
Stages of Prenatal Development:
3rd through 8th weeks when all major organ system begin to develop
Embryonic
Stages of Prenatal Development:
9th through 38th weeks when growth dominates
Fetal
Stages of Prenatal Development:
When does fetal period end
At birth
Failure to be pregnant after 1 year or more even after regular unprotected intercourse
Infertility
Probability of a women getting pregnant during a single menstrual cycle
30%
Probability of pregnancies advancing beyond week 20
50% to 60%
Sperm count of a fertile man
48 million/mL of semen
Sperm motility of a fertile man (%)
63% of the sperms
Sperm morphology of a fertile man (normal shape and structure)
More then 12% of sperms
Sperm count of an infertile man
Below 13.5 million/mL of semen
Sperm motility of an infertile man
Less than 32% of the sperms
Sperm morphology of an infertile man (normal shape and structure)
Fewer then 9% of sperm
7 Temporary and Lifestyle Causes of Low Sperm Count
- Emotional Stress
- Testicular Overheating
- Substance Abuse
- Smoking
- Malnutrition and Nutrient Deficiencies
- Obesity
- Bicycling
The inability to achieve and sustain an erection suitable for sexual intercourse
Erectile Dysfunction
