Introduction to CV system Flashcards
Describe the basic structure of blood vessels
Tunica intima:
- Basement membrane
- Simple squamous endothelium (minimises friction)
Tunica Media:
- Smooth muscle
- Elastic fibres & collagen (vasoconstriction / dilation)
Tunica adventitia
- Connective tissue elastin & collagen (anchors and strengths)
- Vaso vasorum (blood vessels of blood vessels: blood carried from inner part of BV to outer par) and autonomics
1a) Which is most developed layer in arteries?
1b) what is found in ^?
2) what are arteries closer to the heart called - difference in structure?
3) what are arteries further from heart called? difference in structure?
4) which tunica layers are in the capillary?
1a) most developed layer in arteries: tunica media
1b) lots of elastin in tunica media
2) arteries closer to the heart: elastic arteries - more elastin, less connective tissue
3) arteries further from the heart: muscular arteries (normally named arteries) - less elastin, more connective tissue. ONLY 2 layers of elastin - external and internal elastic lamina. rest = smooth muscle
4) capillaries: ONLY tunica intima
which is most developed layer in vein
which layer has valves?
- most developed layer in vein: tunica adventitia
- valve layers: tunica intima
what is venous return in the legs aided by?
muscle contractrion - compresses vein in order to aid return of blood.
describe the flow of blood through the heart
where does deoxygenated blood enter into body? from where?
- superior and inferior vena cava -> right atrium
- right atrium -> right ventricle
- right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary trunk -> left and right pulmonary arteries (where deO2 blood enter lungs, then becomes oxygenated)
- oxygenated blood: enters the heart via 4 pulmn. veins (2 on left, 2 on right) -> left atrium
- left atrium -> left ventricle
- left ventricle -> aorta -> body
how does the heart lie in situ?
what is each colour?
what is each line pointing to / where do these blood vessels pump blood?
lies on its side and tilted to left
green: right atrium
red: right ventricle
blue: left ventricle
cant see left atrium - lies posteriorly
major blood vessels:
superior vena cava: carries deoxyganted back from upper limp, head and neck into the right atrium
aorta: continuous with left ventricle. pumps to rest of body
pulmonary trunk: deO2 blood to lungs
label this
describe where the main ones lead blood to
-
descending aorta: continues down to thorax, goes to abdomen
3a. brachiocephalic artery goes into the right common carotid artery -> supplies right side of head and neck
b. brachiocephalic artery -> right subclavian artery: supplies upper right limb
4. left common carotid artery -> supplies left side of head and neck
5. left subclavian artery -> supplies left upper limb. goes under clavicle
why is heart structured asymmetrically with BV?
- the heart is located on left side of body
- BV on right side of heart have further distance to travel -> braciocephalic artery supplies the right side of body
label the venal return back to the heart
right and left internal juglar veins - drain the head and neck
right and left subclavian veins - drain limbs
label these
A - pulmonary trunk
B - right brachiocephalic vein
C - left subclavian artery
D - brachiocephalic artery
E - superior vena cava
F- left common carotid artery
G - arch of the aorta
describe how the artery name changes in the upper limp
what is difference between deep and superficial veins?
deep veins
- deep veins accompany the artieries they follow - name is therefore similar
superficial veins
- do not accompany an artery
- highly variable (locations differ between people)
what are the two main superficial veins in the arm?
- basilic vein -> (located medially). drains to brachial vein (deep vein)
- cephalic vein -> (located laterally) drains to subclavian vein (deep vein)
- medial cubital vein -> connects the above two. (where you draw blood from)
what does the arch of aorta turn into?
when does it become the abdomnal aorta?
- arch of aorta -> thoracic aorta. (eventually goes into abdomen)
- thoracic aorta gives off intercostal arteries between the ribs
- at vertebral level T12 - becomes the abdominal aorta
what does the abdominal aorta supply / give off?
orgnaised as
- 3 unpaired artiries -> gut
- renal arteries -> kindey
- gonadal arteries -> gonads
- common iliac arteries -> pelvis and lower body
how is gut supplied blood?
foregut supplied by: coeliac trunk
midgut supplied by: super mesenteric artery
hindgut supplied by: inferior mesenteric artery
how do the common iliac arteries divide futher structure??
common iliac divides into:
internal iliac artery: supplies pelvis structures
external iliac artery: continues to lower leg. passes under the inguinal ligament, it becomes the femoral artery
describe how lower limb artery is organised
describe veins in lower limbs
deep veins are parralel to arteries.
superficial veins:
- great / long saphenous vein: drains the medial aspect of leg to the femoral vein
- small / short saphenous vein: drains posterial aspect of leg into popliteal vein
why are the veins in the lower limb under more pressure?
- working agaisnt gravity
- have less support
SO:
can become close / look coiled
describe what happens after veinous drain of gut
veinous drainage of gut: hepatic portal circulation
- deoxygenated blood from the digestive tract passes to the liver before returning to the heart
- 3 major branches draining the gut converge into hepatic portal vein
- once entered liver, will store and release glucose as needed, clear the blood of drugs and other harmful substances
- leave via hepatic veins -> inferior vena cava
explain what the conditions are like near capilaries and what means happens as a result?
arteriole: high hydrostatic pressure, low osmotic pressure: forces fluid out of capillaries and into the interstitial space
venule: low hydrostatic pressure, high osmotic pressure. reabsorbs fluid
more fluid passes into the interstitial space (20L), than the is reabsorbed in the venules (17L). have 3L of excess insititial fluid daily
drains into the lymphatic circulatory system
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
- removal of excess interstitial fluid
- transport of bacteria and other harmful sub. away from tissue
- transport of antigen-presenting cells
how does excess fluid get back into the veinous system?
how is the lymphatic system split up?
lymphatic system drains back into the right and left venous angle: junction where subclavian vein and internal jugular vein meet
lymph system is split into:
thoracic duct: drains the left head and neck, left upper limb, left thorax and both of lower limbs. then goes into the left venous angle
right lymphatic trunk: right arm, right thorax, right head and neck
