Introduction Mix Flashcards
What shape are lumbar vertebral bodies?
Kidney shaped
What shape are thoracic vertebral bodies?
Heart
What is the nuchal ligament an extension of?
Supraspinous ligament
What does the aral ligament do?
Limits extensive rotation of cervical
Where is the cruciate ligament?
Cranium to C2
Where are the joints of Lushka?
Between the Uncas bodies, C3-C6
What has muscle attachments for the multifudus?
Mammillary processes
Where does the vertebral artery go through?
The transverse foramen
How many processes are on a typical vertebra?
7
What is the floor of the Suboccipital triangle?
Atlanto occipital membrane
What lengthens the muscle?
Eccentric
What shortens the muscle?
Concentric
What movement is the same for muscles?
Isometric
C3-C5 myotome
Diaphragm
C5 myotome
Elbow flexion
C6 myotome
Wrist extension
C7 myotome
Elbow extension
C8 myotome
Finger flexion
T1 myotome
Finger abduction
T1-T12 myotome
Chest wall/abs
L2 myotome
Hip flexion
L3 myotome
Knee extension
L4 myotome
Ankle dorsi flexion
L5 myotome
Toe extension
S1 myotome
Ankle plantarflexion
S3-S5 myotome
Bladder, bowel, sexual organ
What does metal show up as on a radiograph?
White image
What is the gray area on a radiograph?
Soft tissue/skin
What is anatomical position?
Head, eyes and toes directed forward.
Upper limbs by sides palms facing forward.
Feet parallel and toes directed anteriorly.
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones of the head, neck and trunk
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs, shoulder, pelvic girdles
What is bone?
A living tissue, protects vital structures, support for body, storage of salts, new blood cell supply
What is cartilage?
Resilient avascular type of connective tissue that forms in parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary
Cleavage lines?
Keep skin taut, little scarring if surgical incisions are made parallel to these
What are stretch marks?
Damage to the collagen fibers in the dermis when skin is stretched too far
Burns?
Tissue injuries caused by thermal, electrical, radioactive or chemical agents
1st degree is superficial
2nd degree is epidermis and part of dermis
3rd degree is epidermis, dermis and parts of muscle potentially
Heterotrophic bones?
Bones formed in soft tissues where they are not normally present. Horse riders bones due to chronic muscle strain
Bone adaptation
Bleed when injured, bleed when fractured, change with age
Have blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
Bone degeneration
Osteoporosis, reduction in the quality of the bone, bones fracture easily
Bone trauma and repair
Broken ends of a fracture must be brought together (reduction of a fracture)
All bones are derived from what?
Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
What is intramembranous ossification?
Direct ossification of the Mesenchyme begins in her fetal period
What is enchondral ossification?
Cartilage models of bones form from Mesenchyme during the fetal period and bone subsequently replaces most of the cartilage
What is the primary ossification center?
Diaphysis
Where are secondary ossification centers?
Epiphyses
What are accessory bones?
When additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones
Avascular neurosis?
Loss of blood supply to an epiphysis or other parts of the bone
Degenerative joint disease?
Osteoarthrosis is accompanied by stiffness, discomfort, pain
Osteoarthritis hips and knees in older individuals
What is a joint?
Articulation or place of union between two or more rigid components (bones, cartilages, or parts of the same bone)
The articulating bones of fibrous joints are united by
Fibrous tissue
Syndesmosis type of fibrous joint unites the bones with a sheet of
Fibrous tissue either a ligament or fibrous membrane (partially moveable)
Gomphosis
Type of fibrous joint that is peg like and stabilizes our teeth
Cartilaginous joints are united by
Hyaline or fibrocartilage
Primary cartilaginous joints are united by
Hyaline cartilage
Secondary cartilaginous joints
Are strong slightly moveable mobile joints united by fibrocartilage
Syndesmosis joint
Bones are joined by an interosseous ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue (joining forearm bones)
Synchondrosis
Bony epiphysis and body are joined by an epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
Symphysis
Binding tissue is a fibrocartilage nous disc (ex between two vertebrae)
Synovial joint
Most common and important
Free movement between bones they join
The two bones are separated by the characteristic joint cavity
Types of synovial joints
Atlanto axial joint (condylar)
Zygaphophyseal
Testing for muscle action
Against resistance, electromyography
Myocardial infarction
Pathological death of myocardial tissue after a heart attack
Arteries carry blood
Away from the heart
Abnormally swollen twisted veins
Varicose veins
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of arteries
Atherosclerosis is buildup of cholesterol in arterial walls
Winged scapula
Paralysis of the serratus anterior
Primary curvatures of the spine
Thoracic and sacral
Secondary curvatures of the spine
Cervical and lumbar spines
Kyphosis
Thoracic humpback
Lordosis
Lumbar region during pregnancy occurs
Scoliosis
Curved back (lateral curvature)
Laminectomy
Surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and their supporting laminae
Vertebrae fractures
Sudden forceful flexion (automobile accident)
Spina bifida
Laminae of L5 fail to develop normally and fuse
Whiplash
Sever hyper extension of the neck, rear end automobile accident
Anterior longitudinal ligament limits
Extension of the vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligament prevents
Hyperflexion
