Exam 3 Flashcards
Linea alba
the aponeuroses interweave forming this midline raphe extending from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
Umbilicus
Where the umbilical cord, from the placenta, entered the fetus and is the reference point for the transumbilical plane
Rectus sheath
between the midclavicular line and the midline, the aponeuroses form this, which enclose the rectus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
The fascia lining the deep surface of the transversus abdominis muscle or aponeurosis
Thoracolumbar fascia
Extensive fascial complex that has anterior, middle and posterior layers with muscles enclosed between them
Intercostal nerves
formed by the anterior rami of T1-T11, run along the extent of the intercostal spaces
Posterior intercostal artery
Begins at supreme intercostal arteries (intercostal spaces 1 and 2) and thoracic aorta (remaining intercostal spaces)
Distribution is intercostal muscles and overlying skin, parietal pleura
Anterior intercostal artery
Begins at internal thoracic arteries (intercostal spaces 1-6) and musculophrenic arteries (intercostal spaces 7-9)
Distribution is intercostal muscles and overlying skin, parietal pleura
Internal thoracic
Subclavian artery origin
Distribution by way of anterior intercostal arteries to intercostal spaces 1-6 and musculophrenic arteries to intercostal spaces 7-9
Musculophrenic artery
Origin is internal thoracic artery
Distribution is abdominal wall of hypochondriac region, anterolateral, diaphragm
Superior epigastric artery
Origin is internal thoracic artery
Distribution is superior rectus abdominis and superior part of anterolateral abdominal wall
Inferior epigastric artery
Origin is external iliac artery
Distribution is inferior rectus abdominis and medial part of anterolateral abdominal wall
Areola and nipple
The greatest prominence of the breast=nipple
Circular pigmented area=areola
Lactiferous duct
Lobules are drained by these and they open independently on the nipple
Suspensory ligaments
Mammary glands are firmly attached to the dermis of the overlying skin by these
Mammary gland lobules
Suspensory ligaments are well developed in the superior part of the breast help support these
Sympathetic nervous system
Thoracolumbar T1 to L2/L3 Fight, flight, freeze Increases blood pressure, increases pupil size Catabolic
Parasympathetic nervous system
Craniosacral S2-S4 Rest and digest Increased peristalsis, decrease pupil size Homeostasis Anabolic
Impulse conduction
Presynaptic (preganglionic) neuron synapses with postsynaptic neuron=brain or spinal cord
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) neuron=cell body in autonomic ganglia outside of CNS, postsynaptic fibers synapse on effector organ=cell body in outside CNS)
Parasympathetic presynaptic neurons are longer than sympathetic presynaptic neurons.
True. Sympathetic is equal
Neurotransmitters
Parasympathetic=acetylcholine
Sympathetic=acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Interomediolateral (IML) cell columns
Lateral horns of gray matter
Presynaptic cell bodies located in IML
Column extend from T1 to L2/L3
Postsynaptic cells of sympathetic system
Greatly outnumber presynaptic fibers
Para vertebral ganglia=form sympathetic chains/trunks
Prevertebral ganglia=in a plexus around main aortic branches
Paravertebral ganglion course
Superior cervical ganglion at base of cranium
Inferior (ganglion impar) at coccyx
Sympathetic innervation
Axons of presynaptic neurons exit through anterior (ventral) horn of spinal cord (motor)
Fibers reach the sympathetic trunk through the white rami communicans (T1 to L2/L3)
Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 1
Ascend to synapse with postsynaptic neuron of higher Paravertebral ganglion
Head and eye
Cell bodies of Superior cervical ganglion go through cephalic artery branch to create peri arterial plexuses to carotid or cranial nerves
Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 2
Descend in trunk to synapse with postganglionic neuron of lower Paravertebral ganglion
Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 3
Synapse right away with postsynaptic neuron at that level
Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 4
Pass through trunk without synapsing (continue on through abdominopelvic Splanchic nerve to reach prevertebral ganglion)
Splanchic nerves (sympathetic)
Convey visceral efferent and afferent fibers
Postsynaptic fibers for the thoracic cavity pass through cardiopulmonary Splanchic nerves to get to plexuses (cardiac, pulmonary, esophagus)
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
Sympathetic trunks to anterior rami of spinal nerves through gray rami communicans (enter all 31 branches of spinal nerves including posterior rami to stimulate sympathetic response such as sweating)
Supra renal (adrenal gland)
Some presynaptic fibers pass through the prevertebral ganglia without synapsing to end at the medulla of adrenal gland
Medullary cells function as a postsynaptic neuron that releases neurotransmitter into the bloodstream to give full body sympathetic response
Parasympathetic system
More restricted than sympathetic
Goes to head, visceral cavities of trunk and erectile tissue
Does not reach the body wall of limbs
Parasympathetic visceral motor innervation
Presynaptic neuron cell bodies located in gray matter on cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10=make up cranial parasympathetic outflow
Sacral parasympathetic outflow=gray matter of S2-S4 that exit through anterior spinal nerve roots and pelvic Splanchic nerves
Cranial nerves
3, 7, 9 head
Sacral pelvic viscera
10 vagus nerve thoracic and abdomen, GI except lower parts
Visceral afferent sensation
We usually have no sensation from normal organ function
If sensation: poorly localized pain, true pain from pathology, chemical irritants
Visceral reflexes can be generated by sensation: blood pressure, breathing rate
