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Pathophysiology > Introduction & Chapter 2 - Genetics > Flashcards

Introduction & Chapter 2 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what types of memory are under short term and long term memory?

A

Short term: sensory, working memory

Long term: episodic and semantic memory

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2
Q

what type of memory lasts for 3-4 sec?

A

sensory memory

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3
Q

what is the key in sensory memory? and what activates when we do this key component?

A

attention; activation of working memory

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4
Q

what do we pay attention to?

A

interesting and meaningful

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5
Q

what type of memory gateways to long term memory?

A

working memory

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6
Q

in working memory, frontal cortex moves specific info by ____ into ___ brain areas: what are these areas?

A

chunking; two; visuospatial (visual/images) &phonological loop (verbal and text)

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7
Q

this type of memory are the memory of episodes in life?

A

episodic memory

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8
Q

what areas are bound together and tagged for retrieval?

A

phono/ visuo

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9
Q

consolidation in episodic memory occurs when?

A

during sleep

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10
Q

this type of memory are memory of facts and information

A

semantic

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11
Q

____ memories changed from specific even to _____ and _____ to various situation

A

episodic; generalized; transferrable

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12
Q

what does “Patho” mean?

A

suffering

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13
Q

physio meaning?

A

functions of an organism

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14
Q

logos?

A

Greek word for system of formal study

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15
Q

Pathophysiology is the underlying _____ in body systems that result from disease or injury

A

changes

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16
Q

difference between signs and symptoms?

A

signs – objective evidence that can be observed or measures. E.g., vital signs

symptoms – subjective exprience that is apparent to or reported by patient.

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17
Q

difference between acute and chronic disease

A

acute – sudden appearance of signs and symptoms; lasts shorter period

chronic – develop slowly; lasts longer

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18
Q

difference between incidence and prevalence

A

incidence – indicates number of new cases

prevalence – indicates all current cases of the disease

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19
Q

short term disease like common cold the incidence and prevalence ____ year after year

A

stay the same

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20
Q

chronic diseases like arthritis, and lung disease, the prevalence _______ yearly while incidence ____

A

increase; stay the same

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21
Q

difference between predisposing and precipitating factor

A

predisposing factor – risk factor; increased probability of disease occurence.

precipitating factor – disease trigger; condition that causes disease.

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22
Q

difference between morbidity and mortality

A

morbidity – condition of being diseased

mortality – related to risk of death

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23
Q

what is co-morbidity

A

multiple disorders occurring at the same time.

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24
Q

syndrome is the group of ___ and ____ which ______ and characterize a particular abnormality or condition

A

signs; symptoms; occur together

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25
Q

Syndrome is Greek for _______

A

concurrence

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26
Q

what is disorder?

A

abnormality of function

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27
Q

epidemiology is the study of tracking _____ of disease occurence.

A

patterns

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28
Q

remission?

A

symptoms disappear or diminish

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29
Q

exacerbation?

A

sudden increase of severity

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30
Q

complication is a medical problem that occurs ____ a disease, or _____ a procedure or treatment

A

during; after

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31
Q

etiology is the ___ of disease

A

cause

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32
Q

idiopathic is the ____ cause or the spontaneous origin

A

unknown

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33
Q

latrogenic occurs as a _____ of treatment

A

result

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34
Q

nosocomial is the disease originating in the _____

A

hospital

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35
Q

modifiable risk factors = _______

A

health promotion

36
Q

DNA has ____ basic components

A

two

37
Q

what are the basic components of DNA?

A

the backbone consisting of deoxyribose-phosphate molecules (1)

four types of nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine (2)

38
Q

the sides of DNA are united with rungs composed of ____ bases joined by ____ bonds

A

nitrogen; hydrogen

39
Q

DNA replication’s purpose of _____

A

antiparallel (positive & negative) strands

40
Q

the starting of DNA replication is at ____

A

replication fork

41
Q

hydrogen bonds form between new complementary _____

A

nucleotides

42
Q

construction of two identical copies of original DNA forms a result of _____

A

replication

43
Q

Each ___ sequential nitrogen bases are a _____ for specific amino acid known as _____

A

three; code; codon.

44
Q

how many amino acids does our body have

A

20

45
Q

DNA info is _____ into mRNA and then _____ into proteins (mainly enzymes) by _____

A

transcribed; translated; ribosomes.

46
Q

the order of nitrogen bases: forms organism’s ______ & a chemical ___ of the cell’s instructions for what proteins to make.

A

genetic instructions; language

47
Q

when DNA makes mRNA, the DNA ____ strand and ____ strand divide

A

coding; template

48
Q

when the DNA makes mRNA, the short ____ strand moves over ___ strand and appropriate ___ ____ are constructed on RNA strand

A

RNA; template; amino acids

49
Q

the ___ of amino acids on RNA are a recipe for a specific protein

A

sequence

50
Q

where does the mRNa travel to make the protein

A

ribosomes

51
Q

during protein production, the ribosomes subunits join with _____

A

mRNA

52
Q

then, the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules transport _____ amino acids to ribosomes

A

anticodon

53
Q

during protein production, the anticodon base-pairs with ___ ___ (amino acid)

A

mRNA codon

54
Q

in continuation of protein production, the string of anticodons form a ____

A

polypeptide

55
Q

the protein production ends with the ___ ___ on mRNA

A

stop codon

56
Q

as a result of protein production, DNA ____ a sequence of amino acids onto RNA & ribosome ____ that sequence into _____ protein

A

transcribed; translated; polypeptide

57
Q

what are genes?

A

segments of DNA that encode for specific protein

58
Q

DNA is composed of a number of ____ ____

A

different genes

59
Q

Chromosomes

A

organizes DNA into various sections

60
Q

genetics?

A

study of genes like how they carry info, how info is expressed and how genes are replicated

61
Q

result of mitosis?

A

two genetically identical 2n daughter cells

62
Q

result of meiosis?

A

four genetically unique n daughter cells

63
Q

what is mutation?

A

effect occurs during DNA replication and an inherited alteration of genetic material

64
Q

what are the three kinds of mutation?

A

substitution, insertion and deletion

65
Q

this type of mutation occurs when inappropriate sequence of nucleotides, resulting with new amino acid

A

substitution

66
Q

this is the insertion of new inappropriate nucleotide, resulting with new multiple amino acid

A

insertion

67
Q

when appropriate nucleotide removed resulting in multiple amino acids

A

deletion

68
Q

if mutation provides no benefit to environment =

A

there is no evolution

69
Q

if mutation provides a negative benefit to environment =

A

extinction

70
Q

if mutation provides a positive benefit to environment =

A

becomes dominant in environment

71
Q

two types of mutation?

A

base pair substitutions and frameshift mutation

72
Q

what is base pair substitutions?

A

one base pair replaces another base pair

73
Q

two types of base pair substitution?

A

missense - produce a change in single amino acid

nonsense – produce one of the three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)

74
Q

base pair substitutions only result in the change of ____ amino acid

A

one

75
Q

what is frameshift mutation?

A

insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs

76
Q

Frameshift mutations ____ alter amino acids sequence

A

greatly

77
Q

what is the result of frameshift mutations?

A

a dramatic change to protein produced at ribosome

78
Q

what is genotype?

A

genetic material passed between generations

79
Q

phenotype?

A

observable characteristics or traits of an organims

80
Q

what are the three inheritance model?

A
  1. autosomal dominant inheritance
  2. autosomal recessive inheritance
  3. X-linked inheritance
81
Q

what is autosomal?

A

gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex chromosomes

82
Q

what is dominant?

A

means a single copy of disease-associated mutation is enough to cause disease

83
Q

what is recessive?

A

two copies of mutation required to cause disease

84
Q

which parent is X-linked gene carried by?

A

mother

85
Q

female children become ____

A

carriers

86
Q

male children become ____

A

affected

87
Q

what are polygenic traits?

A

traits affected by more than one gene. E.g., skin colour, hair colour

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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