Introduction & Chapter 2 - Genetics Flashcards
what types of memory are under short term and long term memory?
Short term: sensory, working memory
Long term: episodic and semantic memory
what type of memory lasts for 3-4 sec?
sensory memory
what is the key in sensory memory? and what activates when we do this key component?
attention; activation of working memory
what do we pay attention to?
interesting and meaningful
what type of memory gateways to long term memory?
working memory
in working memory, frontal cortex moves specific info by ____ into ___ brain areas: what are these areas?
chunking; two; visuospatial (visual/images) &phonological loop (verbal and text)
this type of memory are the memory of episodes in life?
episodic memory
what areas are bound together and tagged for retrieval?
phono/ visuo
consolidation in episodic memory occurs when?
during sleep
this type of memory are memory of facts and information
semantic
____ memories changed from specific even to _____ and _____ to various situation
episodic; generalized; transferrable
what does “Patho” mean?
suffering
physio meaning?
functions of an organism
logos?
Greek word for system of formal study
Pathophysiology is the underlying _____ in body systems that result from disease or injury
changes
difference between signs and symptoms?
signs – objective evidence that can be observed or measures. E.g., vital signs
symptoms – subjective exprience that is apparent to or reported by patient.
difference between acute and chronic disease
acute – sudden appearance of signs and symptoms; lasts shorter period
chronic – develop slowly; lasts longer
difference between incidence and prevalence
incidence – indicates number of new cases
prevalence – indicates all current cases of the disease
short term disease like common cold the incidence and prevalence ____ year after year
stay the same
chronic diseases like arthritis, and lung disease, the prevalence _______ yearly while incidence ____
increase; stay the same
difference between predisposing and precipitating factor
predisposing factor – risk factor; increased probability of disease occurence.
precipitating factor – disease trigger; condition that causes disease.
difference between morbidity and mortality
morbidity – condition of being diseased
mortality – related to risk of death
what is co-morbidity
multiple disorders occurring at the same time.
syndrome is the group of ___ and ____ which ______ and characterize a particular abnormality or condition
signs; symptoms; occur together
Syndrome is Greek for _______
concurrence
what is disorder?
abnormality of function
epidemiology is the study of tracking _____ of disease occurence.
patterns
remission?
symptoms disappear or diminish
exacerbation?
sudden increase of severity
complication is a medical problem that occurs ____ a disease, or _____ a procedure or treatment
during; after
etiology is the ___ of disease
cause
idiopathic is the ____ cause or the spontaneous origin
unknown
latrogenic occurs as a _____ of treatment
result
nosocomial is the disease originating in the _____
hospital
modifiable risk factors = _______
health promotion
DNA has ____ basic components
two
what are the basic components of DNA?
the backbone consisting of deoxyribose-phosphate molecules (1)
four types of nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine (2)
the sides of DNA are united with rungs composed of ____ bases joined by ____ bonds
nitrogen; hydrogen
DNA replication’s purpose of _____
antiparallel (positive & negative) strands
the starting of DNA replication is at ____
replication fork
hydrogen bonds form between new complementary _____
nucleotides
construction of two identical copies of original DNA forms a result of _____
replication
Each ___ sequential nitrogen bases are a _____ for specific amino acid known as _____
three; code; codon.
how many amino acids does our body have
20
DNA info is _____ into mRNA and then _____ into proteins (mainly enzymes) by _____
transcribed; translated; ribosomes.
the order of nitrogen bases: forms organism’s ______ & a chemical ___ of the cell’s instructions for what proteins to make.
genetic instructions; language
when DNA makes mRNA, the DNA ____ strand and ____ strand divide
coding; template
when the DNA makes mRNA, the short ____ strand moves over ___ strand and appropriate ___ ____ are constructed on RNA strand
RNA; template; amino acids
the ___ of amino acids on RNA are a recipe for a specific protein
sequence
where does the mRNa travel to make the protein
ribosomes
during protein production, the ribosomes subunits join with _____
mRNA
then, the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules transport _____ amino acids to ribosomes
anticodon
during protein production, the anticodon base-pairs with ___ ___ (amino acid)
mRNA codon
in continuation of protein production, the string of anticodons form a ____
polypeptide
the protein production ends with the ___ ___ on mRNA
stop codon
as a result of protein production, DNA ____ a sequence of amino acids onto RNA & ribosome ____ that sequence into _____ protein
transcribed; translated; polypeptide
what are genes?
segments of DNA that encode for specific protein
DNA is composed of a number of ____ ____
different genes
Chromosomes
organizes DNA into various sections
genetics?
study of genes like how they carry info, how info is expressed and how genes are replicated
result of mitosis?
two genetically identical 2n daughter cells
result of meiosis?
four genetically unique n daughter cells
what is mutation?
effect occurs during DNA replication and an inherited alteration of genetic material
what are the three kinds of mutation?
substitution, insertion and deletion
this type of mutation occurs when inappropriate sequence of nucleotides, resulting with new amino acid
substitution
this is the insertion of new inappropriate nucleotide, resulting with new multiple amino acid
insertion
when appropriate nucleotide removed resulting in multiple amino acids
deletion
if mutation provides no benefit to environment =
there is no evolution
if mutation provides a negative benefit to environment =
extinction
if mutation provides a positive benefit to environment =
becomes dominant in environment
two types of mutation?
base pair substitutions and frameshift mutation
what is base pair substitutions?
one base pair replaces another base pair
two types of base pair substitution?
missense - produce a change in single amino acid
nonsense – produce one of the three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
base pair substitutions only result in the change of ____ amino acid
one
what is frameshift mutation?
insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs
Frameshift mutations ____ alter amino acids sequence
greatly
what is the result of frameshift mutations?
a dramatic change to protein produced at ribosome
what is genotype?
genetic material passed between generations
phenotype?
observable characteristics or traits of an organims
what are the three inheritance model?
- autosomal dominant inheritance
- autosomal recessive inheritance
- X-linked inheritance
what is autosomal?
gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex chromosomes
what is dominant?
means a single copy of disease-associated mutation is enough to cause disease
what is recessive?
two copies of mutation required to cause disease
which parent is X-linked gene carried by?
mother
female children become ____
carriers
male children become ____
affected
what are polygenic traits?
traits affected by more than one gene. E.g., skin colour, hair colour
