Chapter 4 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Question 1

Why does cellular injury occur?

Answer 1

cell unable to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

two types of cell injury?

Answer 2

reversible (cell recover) & irreversible (cell die)

Question 3

2 things that occur during cellular adaptation?

Answer 3

physiological - adaptive
pathogenic - causes disease

Question 4

What are the five types of cellular adaptation? Explain each of them.

Answer 4

atrophy - decrease in cellular size

hypertrophy - increase in cellular size

hyperplasia - increase in number of cells

metaplasia - replacement of one cell type with another

dysplasia- deranged cellular growth.

Question 5

what are the four cellular injury mechanisms?

Answer 5

hypoxic injury, free radicals and ROS, chemical injury, chemical agents including meds

Question 6

what is the common cause of cellular injury?

Answer 6

hypoxic injury

Question 7

what is ischemia? And what causes ischemia?

Answer 7

inadequate blood supply; hypoxia

Question 8

what occurs in hypoxic injury?

Answer 8

reduced O2 production in mitochondria, therefore there is reduced production of ATP (1), meaning there is reduction of cellular energy.

(2)increase accumulation of H+ in mito = breakdown in mitochondrial membrane = increase in intracellular H+ = loss of membrane potential =necrosis.

Question 9

what is ischemia reperfusion injury?

Answer 9

additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and O2

Question 10

what are the 3 mechanisms of ischemia reperfusion injury?

Answer 10

inflammation, oxidative stress, increased intracellular Ca

Question 11

what are the cellular responses of ischemia-reperfusion injury?

Answer 11

decrease in ATP, leads to failure of Na-K pump and Na-Ca exchange (1) & cellular shrinking and swelling (2)

Question 12

what are free radicals?

Answer 12

missing an electron, so they attack healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron.

Question 13

what is the by-products of normal metabolism & created with metabolism of O2?

Answer 13

reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Question 14

what causes oxidative stress?

Answer 14

not producing enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals (1)

major role in chronic and degenerative ailments (2)

too many free radicals = oxidative stress (cellular stress) = damage to cells)

Question 15

what prevents damage to cell?

Answer 15

antioxidants

Question 16

what causes free radicals and ROS

Answer 16

lipid peroxidation (1), alteration of proteins (2), alteration of DNA

Question 17

what are xenobiotics?

Answer 17

substances foreign to body

Question 18

some examples of xenobiotics?

Answer 18

lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury

Question 19

where is the major injury ethanol impose?

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

where is ethanol absorbed?

Answer 20

stomach

Question 21

what shaped is the effect of alcohol consumption?

Answer 21

J-shaped

Question 22

what is the mechanism for light to moderate drinkers?

Answer 22

low LDL levels, decreased b.p and decreased atherosclerosis

Question 23

what xenobiotics recognized as a global threat to human and envrionmental health

Answer 23

mercury

Question 24

this xenobiotics is the most common overexposure found in industry?

Answer 24

lead

Question 25

what xenobiotics is odorless, colorless and nonirritating?

Answer 25

CO

Question 26

CO ultimately causes hypoxic injury due to ____; CO attaches to mitochondria with a ______

Answer 26

O2 deprivation; higher affinity than O2

Question 27

what is the leading cause of child poisonings?

Answer 27

medications

Question 28

what are some hypersensitivity rxns from medications?

Answer 28

range from mild skin rashes to immune-mediated organ failure

Question 29

activation of ___ metabolites is a drawback from chem agents including meds

Answer 29

toxic

Question 30

how does chemicals and meds apply direct damage?

Answer 30

they injure cells by combining directly with critical molecular substances (1) & chemotherapeutic meds/drugs of abuse

Question 31

what is asphyxiation?

Answer 31

failure of cells to receive or use O2

Question 32

what causes asphyxiation?

Answer 32

suffocation: systemic hypoxia/ no air exchange (1), strangulation: compression/ closure of airway/ causes cerebral hypoxia (2) & drowning: fluid fill lungs/ no O2 exchange (3)

Question 33

what chem preven O2 delivery to cell or its utilization?

Answer 33

CO and cyanide

Question 34

what chem binds to Hb in same position as O2? treatment?

Answer 34

CO; hyberbaric chamber

Question 35

what chemical blocks utilization of O2 at electron transport chain? cause of death?

Answer 35

cyanide; cardiac arrest

Question 36

what is contusion?

Answer 36

crushing injury to muscle; mild = bruising

Question 37

laceration?

Answer 37

irregular cut from tearing/ irregular edges

Question 38

incision?

Answer 38

sharp strait wound

Question 39

fracture?

Answer 39

broken or shattered bones

Question 40

incised wound?

Answer 40

wound is longer than it is deep

Question 41

stab wound?

Answer 41

wound is longer than it is deep

Question 42

puncture wound?

Answer 42

sharp point but not sharp edges

Question 42

what is infectious injury?

Answer 42

invasion of pathogen.

Question 43

what might occur from disease-producing potential of pathogen infection?

Answer 43

invasion and destruction (1), toxin production (2) & production of hyper immune rxn (3)

Question 44

what are the 3 types of cellular death?

Answer 44

necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy

Question 45

which cell death occurs as a normal controlled part of an organism's growth and development?

Answer 45

apoptosis

Question 46

this is the consumption of a cell's own contents for fuel to oppose starvation and certain diseases

Answer 46

autophagy -- i.e., self-consumption

Question 47

the swelling and bursting of cell membrane & due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply?

Answer 47

necrosis.

Question 48

Necrosis occurs at _____

Answer 48

cellular level

Question 49

what is the cause of coagulative necrosis?

Answer 49

ischemia or infarction -- obstruction of blood supply causing death of cell

Question 50

what organs linked to coagulative necrosis?

Answer 50

kidney and heart

Question 51

till when ischemic cells can be revived if O2 is supplied?

Answer 51

20 minutes

Question 52

Coagulation is a result of protein _____

Answer 52

denaturation

Question 53

what type of necrosis is due to dead tissue resemble clumped cheese?

Answer 53

caseous necrosis

Question 54

what organ does caseous necrosis affect?

Answer 54

lungs

Question 55

what causes caseous necrosis?

Answer 55

tuberculous

Question 56

what is the danger imposed by caseous necrosis?

Answer 56

dead cell enveloped by other cells/ increased mass= decreased lung space

Question 57

this type of necrosis is due cause by ischemic injury to neurons and glia cells & infarction?

Answer 57

liquefactive necrosis

Question 58

organ affected by liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 58

brain

Question 59

what is the bacterial infection in liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 59

streptococci/ E.coli

Question 60

this necrosis is usually harmless and often left alone and let body absorb it?

Answer 60

fatty necrosis

Question 61

organ affected of fatty necrosis?

Answer 61

breasts and abdominal organs

Question 62

in fatty necrosis, action of _____ occurs?

Answer 62

lipases

Question 63

this is severe hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg?

Answer 63

gangrenous necrosis

Question 64

gangrenous necrosis is susceptible for what bacterial growth?

Answer 64

anaerobic bacteria

Question 65

this type of necrosis is due to clostridium speices infection?

Answer 65

gas gangrene

Question 66

As clostridium enter wound in gas gangrene, what does it produce?

Answer 66

gas

Question 67

how is gas gangrene fatal?

Answer 67

if it enters blood and diminishes O2- carrying capacity of RBC

Question 68

what is the process of cell death due to swelling?

Answer 68

oncosis

Question 69

what happens in aging?

Answer 69

cellular aging, tissue and systemic aging and frailty

Question 70

what is cellular aging

Answer 70

atrophy, decreased function and loss of cells

Question 71

what happens in tissue and systemic aging

Answer 71

progressive stiffeness and rigidity

Question 72

what is sarcopenia

Answer 72

progressive/ generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

Question 73

what happens in frailty

Answer 73

mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures and bone density