Chapter 6 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Flashcards
what is innate immunity composed of?
first line defence – physical, mechanical and biochemical barriers
second line defence -inflammation, macrophage and neutrophils
what is adaptive immunity?
third line of defence – acquired or specific immunity; b cell & t cell
during the inflammatory response, mast cells release _____ for vasodilation
histamines
which WBC arrive to phagocytize pathogen?
macrophages and neutrophils
what is pus?
dead phagocytes and pathogens
which hormones is involved in inflammatory response as an overseer of events/ coordination
prostaglandins
what are cytokines?
these are chemical molecules released that regulated innate and adaptive immunity
lymphokines are released from _____
lymphocytes
monokines are cytokines released from _____
monocytes
macrophages and lymphocytes release ____ cytokines
interleukin
what are the main interleukin?
IL-1 & IL-6
IL-1 is produced by ____
macrophages
IL-6 is produced by _____, ____, _____
macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts
a cytokine but not classified as an interleukin?
TNF-a
TNF-a is released by ____ & ____ ____
macrophages; mast cells
what proinflammatory effects does TNF-a induces?
fever, cachexia (muscle wasting), fatal shock caused by gram - bacterial infections & granuloma formation
Covid-19 can activate a _____ storm syndrome (a severe systemic inflammatory response)
cytokine
when IL-6 (lymphokine) released, there is an _____
excessive recruitment of lymphocytes
what is covid-19 treatment?
production of IL-6 antibodies
what interleukin is responsible for anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL-10 lymphokine
what are the five symptoms of inflammation?
heat, redness, swelling, tenderness, pain
intervention for inflammatory response
clean wound, remove loose debris, and antibiotics (treatment)
what are the goals of inflammatory response?
limit bleeding & limit infection
meaning of “itis”
location of inflammation
what is activated by cell injury or death?
inflammation
what are the ways to measure inflammation?
ESR, C-reactive protein & blood work for WBC count
what is ESR?
determination of rate of RBC settling in saline solution
when there is an increased in ESR, there is an increased in _____
infection
when there is increase in infection, RBC bind to each and ____ at a ___ rate
settle; faster
(RBC becomes heavier)
what organ is caused by effect of C-reactive protein
liver
C-reactive protein _____ in response to inflammation
increases
there is an increase in ____ entering blood stream for blood work for WBC count
neutrophils
what is called with the measurement of increased neutrophils?
bands
what is acute inflammation of AI
last less than two weeks; swelling, pain, heat and redness; localized and quick to diagnose
what are the 3 primary systemic changes in AI?
fever, leukocytosis (increase levels of circulating leukocytes), increased circulating proteins
AI can become ___ if response is unsuccessful
chronic
what is chronic inflammation or CI
longer than 2 weeks, months or years; can be preceded by unsuccessful AI or as a distinct process without previous AI
what causes CI?
microorganisms that are: insensitive to phagocytosis, can survive in a macrophage and produce toxins
CI presents as a _____ infiltration of ____ and ____
dense; lymphocytes; macrophages
what happens if macrophages are unable to stop tissue damage?
form granuloma
what drives granuloma formation – cluster of WBC and other tissues?
TNF-a
what are the 3 wound healing phases?
inflammation (1), proliferation & new tissue formation (2), and remodeling & maturation (3)
what WBC clean wound of debris and bacteria
neutrophils
what is the development of new blood vessels
angiogenesis
what WBC release growth factors/ recruit fibroblasts and promote angiogenesis?
macrophages
what wound healing phase occurs during 3 days to 2 weeks
proliferation and new tissue formation
fibroblast proliferation = _____ ____
collagen synthesis
what is epithelization
epithelial cells migrate to wound
what wound healing phase occurs from weeks to years
remodelling and maturation
in remodelling and maturation wound healing phase ___ ____ formation and remodelling occurs
scar tissue
what is the major remodeling cell
fibroblast
what are the three intentions of tissue repair?
primary intention, secondary intention, & tertiary intention
which intention of tissue repair has clean incision, early suture & best choice for fresh wound with sufficient vascularization
primary intention
what is the result of primary intention
fine scar
gaping wound = ______; what intention of tissue repair contains wound is extensive and edges can’t be brought together
granulation; secondary intention
secondary intention is ideal for _____ or ____ wound as wound is left open to heal _____
contaminated; infected; spontaneously
this tissue repair intention has delayed primary closure and has open wound but not gaping
tertiary intention
there is increased _____ in tertiary intention
granulation
scar is ____ than primary intention
wider
this is the abnormal union of membranous surfaces
adhesions
common adhesion?
bowel surgery
this is the excess wound contraction – healing cells tend to pull other cells towards them = contracture of tissue
strictures and contractures
wound is reinfected
infection
incision separates the following surgery; wound is considered dehisced
dehiscence
surgical complication/ incision open and abdominal organs protrude
evisceration
caused by excess tension movement
excess scar formation
what is the blood supply in dysfunctional wound healing
low = ischemia; vasoconstriction; inhibits recovery process
obesity is predisposed to _____
infections
doesn’t get reabsorbed and causes fibrous adhesions
excessive fibrin
hyperglycemia = suppression of _____
macrophages
what disease is potential for smaller vessel disease/ prolonged wound healing
diabetes
medication that promote dysfunctional wound healing
antineoplastic and steroids
what is antineoplastic
drug used for cancer treatment to slow cell division & blocks formation of neoplasms (new, ab tissue growth)
what does steroids do that promote dysfunctional wound healing
prevent macrophages from migrating to site
