Chapter 6 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Question 1

what is innate immunity composed of?

Answer 1

first line defence – physical, mechanical and biochemical barriers

second line defence -inflammation, macrophage and neutrophils

Question 2

what is adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

third line of defence – acquired or specific immunity; b cell & t cell

Question 3

during the inflammatory response, mast cells release _____ for vasodilation

Answer 3

histamines

Question 4

which WBC arrive to phagocytize pathogen?

Answer 4

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 5

what is pus?

Answer 5

dead phagocytes and pathogens

Question 6

which hormones is involved in inflammatory response as an overseer of events/ coordination

Answer 6

prostaglandins

Question 7

what are cytokines?

Answer 7

these are chemical molecules released that regulated innate and adaptive immunity

Question 8

lymphokines are released from _____

Answer 8

lymphocytes

Question 9

monokines are cytokines released from _____

Answer 9

monocytes

Question 10

macrophages and lymphocytes release ____ cytokines

Answer 10

interleukin

Question 11

what are the main interleukin?

Answer 11

IL-1 & IL-6

Question 12

IL-1 is produced by ____

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

IL-6 is produced by _____, ____, _____

Answer 13

macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts

Question 14

a cytokine but not classified as an interleukin?

Answer 14

TNF-a

Question 15

TNF-a is released by ____ & ____ ____

Answer 15

macrophages; mast cells

Question 16

what proinflammatory effects does TNF-a induces?

Answer 16

fever, cachexia (muscle wasting), fatal shock caused by gram - bacterial infections & granuloma formation

Question 17

Covid-19 can activate a _____ storm syndrome (a severe systemic inflammatory response)

Answer 17

cytokine

Question 18

when IL-6 (lymphokine) released, there is an _____

Answer 18

excessive recruitment of lymphocytes

Question 19

what is covid-19 treatment?

Answer 19

production of IL-6 antibodies

Question 20

what interleukin is responsible for anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 20

IL-10 lymphokine

Question 21

what are the five symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 21

heat, redness, swelling, tenderness, pain

Question 22

intervention for inflammatory response

Answer 22

clean wound, remove loose debris, and antibiotics (treatment)

Question 23

what are the goals of inflammatory response?

Answer 23

limit bleeding & limit infection

Question 24

meaning of “itis”

Answer 24

location of inflammation

Question 25

what is activated by cell injury or death?

Answer 25

inflammation

Question 26

what are the ways to measure inflammation?

Answer 26

ESR, C-reactive protein & blood work for WBC count

Question 27

what is ESR?

Answer 27

determination of rate of RBC settling in saline solution

Question 28

when there is an increased in ESR, there is an increased in _____

Answer 28

infection

Question 29

when there is increase in infection, RBC bind to each and ____ at a ___ rate

Answer 29

settle; faster (RBC becomes heavier)

Question 30

what organ is caused by effect of C-reactive protein

Answer 30

liver

Question 31

C-reactive protein _____ in response to inflammation

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

there is an increase in ____ entering blood stream for blood work for WBC count

Answer 32

neutrophils

Question 33

what is called with the measurement of increased neutrophils?

Answer 33

bands

Question 34

what is acute inflammation of AI

Answer 34

last less than two weeks; swelling, pain, heat and redness; localized and quick to diagnose

Question 35

what are the 3 primary systemic changes in AI?

Answer 35

fever, leukocytosis (increase levels of circulating leukocytes), increased circulating proteins

Question 36

AI can become ___ if response is unsuccessful

Answer 36

chronic

Question 37

what is chronic inflammation or CI

Answer 37

longer than 2 weeks, months or years; can be preceded by unsuccessful AI or as a distinct process without previous AI

Question 38

what causes CI?

Answer 38

microorganisms that are: insensitive to phagocytosis, can survive in a macrophage and produce toxins

Question 39

CI presents as a _____ infiltration of ____ and ____

Answer 39

dense; lymphocytes; macrophages

Question 40

what happens if macrophages are unable to stop tissue damage?

Answer 40

form granuloma

Question 41

what drives granuloma formation -- cluster of WBC and other tissues?

Answer 41

TNF-a

Question 42

what are the 3 wound healing phases?

Answer 42

inflammation (1), proliferation & new tissue formation (2), and remodeling & maturation (3)

Question 43

what WBC clean wound of debris and bacteria

Answer 43

neutrophils

Question 44

what is the development of new blood vessels

Answer 44

angiogenesis

Question 45

what WBC release growth factors/ recruit fibroblasts and promote angiogenesis?

Answer 45

macrophages

Question 46

what wound healing phase occurs during 3 days to 2 weeks

Answer 46

proliferation and new tissue formation

Question 47

fibroblast proliferation = _____ ____

Answer 47

collagen synthesis

Question 48

what is epithelization

Answer 48

epithelial cells migrate to wound

Question 49

what wound healing phase occurs from weeks to years

Answer 49

remodelling and maturation

Question 50

in remodelling and maturation wound healing phase ___ ____ formation and remodelling occurs

Answer 50

scar tissue

Question 51

what is the major remodeling cell

Answer 51

fibroblast

Question 52

what are the three intentions of tissue repair?

Answer 52

primary intention, secondary intention, & tertiary intention

Question 53

which intention of tissue repair has clean incision, early suture & best choice for fresh wound with sufficient vascularization

Answer 53

primary intention

Question 54

what is the result of primary intention

Answer 54

fine scar

Question 55

gaping wound = ______; what intention of tissue repair contains wound is extensive and edges can't be brought together

Answer 55

granulation; secondary intention

Question 56

secondary intention is ideal for _____ or ____ wound as wound is left open to heal _____

Answer 56

contaminated; infected; spontaneously

Question 57

this tissue repair intention has delayed primary closure and has open wound but not gaping

Answer 57

tertiary intention

Question 58

there is increased _____ in tertiary intention

Answer 58

granulation

Question 59

scar is ____ than primary intention

Answer 59

wider

Question 60

this is the abnormal union of membranous surfaces

Answer 60

adhesions

Question 61

common adhesion?

Answer 61

bowel surgery

Question 62

this is the excess wound contraction -- healing cells tend to pull other cells towards them = contracture of tissue

Answer 62

strictures and contractures

Question 63

wound is reinfected

Answer 63

infection

Question 64

incision separates the following surgery; wound is considered dehisced

Answer 64

dehiscence

Question 65

surgical complication/ incision open and abdominal organs protrude

Answer 65

evisceration

Question 66

caused by excess tension movement

Answer 66

excess scar formation

Question 67

what is the blood supply in dysfunctional wound healing

Answer 67

low = ischemia; vasoconstriction; inhibits recovery process

Question 68

obesity is predisposed to _____

Answer 68

infections

Question 69

doesn't get reabsorbed and causes fibrous adhesions

Answer 69

excessive fibrin

Question 70

hyperglycemia = suppression of _____

Answer 70

macrophages

Question 71

what disease is potential for smaller vessel disease/ prolonged wound healing

Answer 71

diabetes

Question 72

medication that promote dysfunctional wound healing

Answer 72

antineoplastic and steroids

Question 73

what is antineoplastic

Answer 73

drug used for cancer treatment to slow cell division & blocks formation of neoplasms (new, ab tissue growth)

Question 74

what does steroids do that promote dysfunctional wound healing

Answer 74

prevent macrophages from migrating to site