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Pathophysiology > Chapter 6 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity composed of?

A

first line defence – physical, mechanical and biochemical barriers

second line defence -inflammation, macrophage and neutrophils

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

third line of defence – acquired or specific immunity; b cell & t cell

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3
Q

during the inflammatory response, mast cells release _____ for vasodilation

A

histamines

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4
Q

which WBC arrive to phagocytize pathogen?

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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5
Q

what is pus?

A

dead phagocytes and pathogens

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6
Q

which hormones is involved in inflammatory response as an overseer of events/ coordination

A

prostaglandins

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7
Q

what are cytokines?

A

these are chemical molecules released that regulated innate and adaptive immunity

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8
Q

lymphokines are released from _____

A

lymphocytes

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9
Q

monokines are cytokines released from _____

A

monocytes

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10
Q

macrophages and lymphocytes release ____ cytokines

A

interleukin

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11
Q

what are the main interleukin?

A

IL-1 & IL-6

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12
Q

IL-1 is produced by ____

A

macrophages

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13
Q

IL-6 is produced by _____, ____, _____

A

macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts

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14
Q

a cytokine but not classified as an interleukin?

A

TNF-a

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15
Q

TNF-a is released by ____ & ____ ____

A

macrophages; mast cells

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16
Q

what proinflammatory effects does TNF-a induces?

A

fever, cachexia (muscle wasting), fatal shock caused by gram - bacterial infections & granuloma formation

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17
Q

Covid-19 can activate a _____ storm syndrome (a severe systemic inflammatory response)

A

cytokine

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18
Q

when IL-6 (lymphokine) released, there is an _____

A

excessive recruitment of lymphocytes

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19
Q

what is covid-19 treatment?

A

production of IL-6 antibodies

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20
Q

what interleukin is responsible for anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-10 lymphokine

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21
Q

what are the five symptoms of inflammation?

A

heat, redness, swelling, tenderness, pain

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22
Q

intervention for inflammatory response

A

clean wound, remove loose debris, and antibiotics (treatment)

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23
Q

what are the goals of inflammatory response?

A

limit bleeding & limit infection

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24
Q

meaning of “itis”

A

location of inflammation

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25
Q

what is activated by cell injury or death?

A

inflammation

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26
Q

what are the ways to measure inflammation?

A

ESR, C-reactive protein & blood work for WBC count

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27
Q

what is ESR?

A

determination of rate of RBC settling in saline solution

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28
Q

when there is an increased in ESR, there is an increased in _____

A

infection

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29
Q

when there is increase in infection, RBC bind to each and ____ at a ___ rate

A

settle; faster

(RBC becomes heavier)

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30
Q

what organ is caused by effect of C-reactive protein

A

liver

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31
Q

C-reactive protein _____ in response to inflammation

A

increases

32
Q

there is an increase in ____ entering blood stream for blood work for WBC count

A

neutrophils

33
Q

what is called with the measurement of increased neutrophils?

A

bands

34
Q

what is acute inflammation of AI

A

last less than two weeks; swelling, pain, heat and redness; localized and quick to diagnose

35
Q

what are the 3 primary systemic changes in AI?

A

fever, leukocytosis (increase levels of circulating leukocytes), increased circulating proteins

36
Q

AI can become ___ if response is unsuccessful

A

chronic

37
Q

what is chronic inflammation or CI

A

longer than 2 weeks, months or years; can be preceded by unsuccessful AI or as a distinct process without previous AI

38
Q

what causes CI?

A

microorganisms that are: insensitive to phagocytosis, can survive in a macrophage and produce toxins

39
Q

CI presents as a _____ infiltration of ____ and ____

A

dense; lymphocytes; macrophages

40
Q

what happens if macrophages are unable to stop tissue damage?

A

form granuloma

41
Q

what drives granuloma formation – cluster of WBC and other tissues?

A

TNF-a

42
Q

what are the 3 wound healing phases?

A

inflammation (1), proliferation & new tissue formation (2), and remodeling & maturation (3)

43
Q

what WBC clean wound of debris and bacteria

A

neutrophils

44
Q

what is the development of new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

45
Q

what WBC release growth factors/ recruit fibroblasts and promote angiogenesis?

A

macrophages

46
Q

what wound healing phase occurs during 3 days to 2 weeks

A

proliferation and new tissue formation

47
Q

fibroblast proliferation = _____ ____

A

collagen synthesis

48
Q

what is epithelization

A

epithelial cells migrate to wound

49
Q

what wound healing phase occurs from weeks to years

A

remodelling and maturation

50
Q

in remodelling and maturation wound healing phase ___ ____ formation and remodelling occurs

A

scar tissue

51
Q

what is the major remodeling cell

A

fibroblast

52
Q

what are the three intentions of tissue repair?

A

primary intention, secondary intention, & tertiary intention

53
Q

which intention of tissue repair has clean incision, early suture & best choice for fresh wound with sufficient vascularization

A

primary intention

54
Q

what is the result of primary intention

A

fine scar

55
Q

gaping wound = ______; what intention of tissue repair contains wound is extensive and edges can’t be brought together

A

granulation; secondary intention

56
Q

secondary intention is ideal for _____ or ____ wound as wound is left open to heal _____

A

contaminated; infected; spontaneously

57
Q

this tissue repair intention has delayed primary closure and has open wound but not gaping

A

tertiary intention

58
Q

there is increased _____ in tertiary intention

A

granulation

59
Q

scar is ____ than primary intention

A

wider

60
Q

this is the abnormal union of membranous surfaces

A

adhesions

61
Q

common adhesion?

A

bowel surgery

62
Q

this is the excess wound contraction – healing cells tend to pull other cells towards them = contracture of tissue

A

strictures and contractures

63
Q

wound is reinfected

A

infection

64
Q

incision separates the following surgery; wound is considered dehisced

A

dehiscence

65
Q

surgical complication/ incision open and abdominal organs protrude

A

evisceration

66
Q

caused by excess tension movement

A

excess scar formation

67
Q

what is the blood supply in dysfunctional wound healing

A

low = ischemia; vasoconstriction; inhibits recovery process

68
Q

obesity is predisposed to _____

A

infections

69
Q

doesn’t get reabsorbed and causes fibrous adhesions

A

excessive fibrin

70
Q

hyperglycemia = suppression of _____

A

macrophages

71
Q

what disease is potential for smaller vessel disease/ prolonged wound healing

A

diabetes

72
Q

medication that promote dysfunctional wound healing

A

antineoplastic and steroids

73
Q

what is antineoplastic

A

drug used for cancer treatment to slow cell division & blocks formation of neoplasms (new, ab tissue growth)

74
Q

what does steroids do that promote dysfunctional wound healing

A

prevent macrophages from migrating to site

75
Q
A

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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