Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Ch-30 Alteration in Renal and Urinary Tact Function > Flashcards

Ch-30 Alteration in Renal and Urinary Tact Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common urinary disorders? (2 pts)

A

bladder infection (1) & stones, tumours and inflammation that can obstruct UT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Renal dysfunction are disorders of ____(1) or ____ (2) diseaes affecting kidney can result in:

_____ (3) kidney injury
_____(4) kidney injury
______ (5) failure = life threatening condition

A
  1. kidney
  2. systemic
  3. acute
  4. chronic
  5. kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the UPPER urinary tract and the LOWER urinary tract?

A

UPPER – kidneys and ureters

LOWER – bladder and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is urinary tract obstruction?

A

interference with urinary flow along urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Impeded flow = increased risk of ____

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is obstructive uropathy?

A

anatomic changes cause obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Obstruction of the UUT results in ____ up of urine = dilation

A

backing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In UUT, pressure is transmitted to glomerulus = _____ filtration

A

reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is hydorureter and hydronephrosis?

A

hydroureter – accumulation of urine in ureter

hydronephrosis – accumulation of urine in calyces and renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T or F: Dilation is late response to obstruction.

A

FALSE; Dilation is an early response to obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

A

unobstructed kidney increases in size of glomeruli and tubules (not total # of nephrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

With UUT infections, _____ (1) (cessation of urinary flow) occurs above obstruction

A

stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

With UUT infections, within ___ (1) days = tubulointerstitial ____ (2) = excessive collagen, hardening and scarring

__ (3) days = both distal & _____ (4) nephron affected

___ (5) days glomeruli damaged

A
  1. 7
  2. fibrosis
  3. 14
  4. proximal
  5. 28
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

masses of crystals, proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where can you find kidney stones?

A

kidneys, ureters and bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are other contributing factors for kidney stones to occur?

A

Urine pH
= greater than 7.0
= less than 5.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T or F: Size of the stone determines its ability to be passed out through urination

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Urine pH:
greater than 7.0 = increased risk of _____ (1) phosphate stone.

less than 5.0 = increased risk of _____ (2) acid stone

A
  1. calcium
  2. uric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some manifestations for kidney stones?

A

radiating pain & urgency to urinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some tx for kidney stones? (4 pts)

A

= imaging studies
= meds
= high fluid intake
= surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the surgery used to take out kidney stones?

A

ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common symptom for lower urinary tract obstruction?

A

incontinence – loss of bladder control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction disorders are related to:

  • urine ____ (1) in bladder
  • empyting of urine in bladder
  • obstruction can be ____ (2) or anatomical or ____ (3)
A
  1. storage
  2. neurogenic
  3. both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 types of neurogenic bladder?

A
  1. Above C2: hyper-reflexia
  2. Between C2-S1: hyper-reflexia with sphincter contraction
  3. Below S1: atonic without tone bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the cause of above C2: hyper-reflexia? (4pts)

A

stroke, TBI, MS and Alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some characteristics of above C2: hyper-reflexia?

A

urgency to urinate and urine leakage – bladder automatically empties when full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes below C2-S1: hyper-reflexia with sphincter contraction? (3 pts)

A

spinal-cord injury, Guillain-Barre syndrome & vertebral disc issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The characteristic of hyper-reflexia with sphincter contractions is that ____ (1) contractions and _____(2) sphincter contraction at the same time = functional obstruction of bladder.

A
  1. muscle
  2. external
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

WH

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the cause of atonic without tone bladder (below S1) (3pts)

A

peripheral neuropathy, MS and spinal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Some of the characteristics of atonic without tone bladder are urine _____ (1) & distension. Another one is that full bladder is sensed, but ____ (2) does not contract = unreactive bladder

A

retention (1) & detrusor (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is urethral constriction?

A

scarring that narrows urethra and restricts blood flow of urine from bladder

33
Q

T or F: Urethral constriction is rare in men.

A

FALSE; It’s most common in MEN than women; rare in women

34
Q

What is the tx for urethral constriction?

A

urethrotomy

35
Q

What is the cause for prostate enlargement?

A

caused by acute inflammation

36
Q

What are some tx for prostate enlargement?

A

meds like alpha-blockers like terazosin (Hytrin) or tamsulosin (Flomax)

37
Q

What disorder could lead with prostate enlargement? (2pts)

A

prostate cancer & benign prostatic hyperplasia

38
Q

Which type of UTI is associated with INFLAMMATION of bladder and the most common site of UTI?

A

acute cystitis

39
Q

What are the 3 types of acute cystitis?

A
  1. mild infection - mucosa is hyperemic
  2. hemorrhagic cystitis – advanced; diffuse hemorrhage
  3. suppurative cystitis – pus forms on epithelial bladder surface.
40
Q

UTI- AC: Prolonged infection can result in _____ (1) of bladder mucosa = ulcer formation and possible necrosis of bladder wall.

Bacteria bind to bladder mucosa — shedding is a _____ (2) immune defense

However, bladder wall now ___ (3) protected from salts, toxins

A
  1. shedding
  2. natural
  3. not
41
Q

What is the cause of PBC/IC?

A

unknown

42
Q

What are the most common pathogens in acute cystitis?

A

E.coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus & parasite Schistosomiasis

43
Q

What are the types of PBS/IC?

A

non-bacterial infection and non-infectious cystitis

44
Q

What is the difference between non-bacterial infection and non-infectious cystitis?

A

Non-bacterial infection - viral & fungal. Common among IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

Non-infectious cystitis - associated with radiation and chemo tx for pelvic regions

45
Q

What are the symptoms for PBS/IC?

A

bladder fullness, nocturia, CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN lasting longer than 9 months

46
Q

What is the tx for PBS/IC?

A

sacral nerve stimulation & sugery for refractory cases (difficult to cure and long lasting)

47
Q

What type of UTI is associated with sudden/severe kidney infections infecting ONE or BOTH UPPER urinary ureters?

A

acute pyelonephritis

48
Q

What are the common risk for acute pyelonephritis?

A

urinary obstruction & REFLUX OF URINE FROM BLADDER

49
Q

T or F: Acute pyelonephritis is more common in men.

A

FALSE; MORE COMMON IN WOMEN

50
Q

What bacteria is most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis?

A

E.coli

51
Q

Pathophysiology of AP:
E.coli splits ___ (1) into NH4 = ____(2) urine= increased risk of stone formation.

Infection affects mostly ____ ___ (3) and calyces/ infection causes influx of ___(4) into kidney MEDULLA = inflammation and edema

A
  1. urea
  2. alkaline
  3. renal pelvis
  4. WBC
52
Q

What is the tx for acute pyelonephritis?

A

specific antibiotics

53
Q

Which type of UTI is associated with persistent/recurrent infections leads to scaring of both kidneys?

A

chronic pyelonephritis

54
Q

What is the tx for chronic pyelonephritis?

A

related to specifics of underlying infections

55
Q

What does chronic pyelonephritis results from?

A

Chronic kidney disease

56
Q

What is the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease?

A

kidney failure

57
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

inflammation of glomerulus caused by primary glomeruli injury.

58
Q

Glomerulonephritis Pathophysiology:

____(1) mechanisms major cause of injury resulting in damage to glomeruli filtration membrane

Injury caused by ____(2) and ____(3).

Complements form _____(4)/ cytokines cause invasion of macrophage, neutrophils and T cells.

Result: Glomeruli filtration rate is reduced = _____(5) injury

Loss of ____ (6) charge across glomeruli filters results in proteins leaking into nephron

A
  1. immune
  2. complement
  3. cytokines
  4. porins
  5. hypoxic
  6. negative
59
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis leads to ____ (1) kidney disease/ ____ (2) or kidney transplant may be required

A

chronic (1) & dialysis

60
Q

What is the difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndromes?

A

Nephrotic - filtration exceed tubular reabsorption

Nephritic – hematuria and red blood cell casts

61
Q

What is red blood cell casts?

A

cylindrical structures created by kidney containing RBC excreted in urine

62
Q

T or F: Nephritic Syndrome is a characteristic of Glomerular injury.

A

FALSE; Nephrotic syndrome is

63
Q

Which kidney disease is associated with sudden decline in kidney function with a DECREASE Glomerular function and urine output?

A

Acute kidney disease

64
Q

What is the result of accumulation of NITROGENOUS waste products in blood for AKD?

A

elevation in plasma creatinine & BUN levels

65
Q

Pathophysiology of AKD:

AKD is due from ____ (1) injury related to decreased ____ (2) blood flow, toxic injury from chemicals, and sepsis-induced injury.

Injury initiates _____ (3) response = cell death = ALTERATIONS in kidney function.

A
  1. ischemia
  2. renal
  3. inflammatory
66
Q

What is urea composed of? (4 pts)

A

O2, C, N, and H

67
Q

What does BUN tests measures?

A

nitrogen in blood

68
Q

Nitrogen in blood = ___ in blood

A

urea

69
Q

Increased urea in blood = ____ dysfunction

A

kidney

70
Q

What are the 3 phases of AKD?

A
  1. oliguric phase
  2. diuretic phase
  3. recovery phase
71
Q

What is oliguria?

A

urinary output is less than 400 mL/day

72
Q

What is the recovery phase?

A

begins with GFR normalization & BUN and creatinine levels begin to normalize

73
Q

What is the cause of diuretic phase?

A

kidney’s loss of ability to concentrate urine

74
Q

What are some characteristics of diuretic phase (3 pts)

A

weight loss and hypovolemia/hypotension due to increased urine output

urine output: normal to high

75
Q

What are some characteristics of oliguric phase? (3 pts)

A
  • hyperkalemia & hyponatremia
  • urinalysis: demonstrates casts
  • elevated BUN and creatinine levels
76
Q

What kidney disease is associated with progressive loss of renal function?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

77
Q

What is the most significant factor of Chronic kidney disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus

78
Q

CKD Pathophysiology:
Sequence of events leading to ____ (1) and _____ (2)

  • Infiltration of damaged kidney with inflammatory cells.
  • Loss of renal cells through ____ (3) and necrosis
  • Production of ____ (4)
A
  1. scarring
    2.fibrosis
  2. apoptosis
  3. fibroblasts
79
Q

Mechanisms of CKD lead to ____ ____ ________ (scar tissue in glomerulus)

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions