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Clinical Dermatology > Introduction and Skin Structure > Flashcards

Introduction and Skin Structure Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

why is the barrier function of skin important?

A

regulates water loss, protects against mechanical, chemical, microbiological insults

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2
Q

what is the most important part of the skin for water loss prevention?

A

stratum corneum

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3
Q

what can chronic epithelial barrier dysfunction result in?

A

allergy development

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4
Q

what in skin protects cells against UV radiation?

A

melanin

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5
Q

how does skin serve an immunologic function?

A

senses and responds to external insults
contains many immune cells
develops innate and adaptive immune responses

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6
Q

what are damage-associated molecular patterns?

A

endogenous non-microbial molecules
released after tissue injury or cell death, stress

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7
Q

what does the skin microbiota do?

A

actively regulates innate immune responses
part of skin defense mechanisms

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8
Q

what are the recruited innate immune cells of the skin?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils

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9
Q

which cells bridge adaptive and innate immunity?

A

dendritic cells

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10
Q

how does the skin contribute to wound healing?

A

source of cells for re-epithelialization

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11
Q

what lies below the dermis?

A

subcutis/panniculus/hypodermis (fat)

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12
Q

what are the major layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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13
Q

what cells make up the majority of cells in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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14
Q

what happens in canine pemphigus foliaceus?

A

autoantibodies target desmocollin-1

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15
Q

how frequent are melanocytes in the basal layer?

A

one per ten keratinocytes

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16
Q

what are melanocytes?

A

pigment-producing cells
transfer pigment/melanin to keratinocytes in basal layer

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17
Q

what is the epidermal melanin unit?

A

one melanocyte covers about 36 kertinocytes

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18
Q

what trace mineral is an essential cofactor for melanin synthesis?

A

copper

19
Q

what are langerhans cells?

A

dendritic cells found in mid-epidermis

20
Q

what is in the dermis?

A

fibroblasts
collagen bundles
resident immune cells
blood vessels
lymph vessels
hair follicles/adnexa

21
Q

what is a simple hair follicle?

A

one primary hair follicle

22
Q

what are the anatomic regions of a hair follicle?

A

infundibulum
isthmus
suprabulbar region
bulbar region

23
Q

what are the main phases of the hair cycle?

A

anagen: growth
telogen: regression

24
Q

what percentage of poodle hair follicles are anagen?

A

98%

25
Q

what percentage of most breeds’ hair follicles are telogen?

A

38%

26
Q

do primary hairs have nonseasonal or seasonal shedding?

A

nonseasonal shedding

27
Q

what are the hair cycle factors in the environment?

A

circadian rhythm
photoperiod
nutrition

28
Q

what are the hair cycle factors in the hair follicle?

A

dermal papilla
fibrous sheath
stem cells
connective and adipose tissues

29
Q

during what time of day does hair grow faster?

A

in the morning

30
Q

why does the hair follicle have immune privilege?

A

lack expression of MHC-I
expression of immunosuppressant molecules
lack langerhans- MHC-II
lack peribulbar lymphatics

31
Q

what are the two sweat glands?

A

epitrichial (apocrine)
atrichial (eccrine)

32
Q

what purposes does sebum serve?

A

physical and chemical barrier
antimicrobial
hydration

33
Q

how do hormones affect sebaceous glands?

A

androgens: hypertrophy
estrogens/steroids: involution

34
Q

where are epitrichial glands not present?

A

footpads
nasal planum

35
Q

what glands are present in the footpads?

A

atrichial glands: sweat

36
Q

what is albinism?

A

group of hereditary syndromes consequence of abnormalities in the synthesis of melanin

37
Q

what are pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

A

highly conserved
sugars, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

38
Q

what do antimicrobial peptides do?

A

kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, neoplastic cells
mainly from keratinocytes

39
Q

how does skin have nerve sensation?

A

sensory receptors and mechanoreceptors

40
Q

what are keratinocytes held together by?

A

macromolecular structures that look like stripes between cells- desmosomes
primarily in spinous layer

41
Q

what is the main function of langerhans cells?

A

afferent limb of immune response
recognition, uptake, processing, presentation to T-lymphocytes
delayed-type hypersensitivity

42
Q

which hairs are seasonal and which ones are nonseasonal shedding?

A

primary: nonseasonal
secondary: seasonal

43
Q

what time of day does hair grow fastest?

A

morning

44
Q

are epitrichial glands involved in thermoregulation?

A

not commonly

Clinical Dermatology (16 decks)

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