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ZOO101 - Vertebrate Zoology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

when did invertebrate animals inhabit Earth’s oceans

A

early Cambrian period, ~530 million years aogo

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2
Q

unit of time in geology

A
  1. eon
  2. era
  3. period
  4. epoch
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3
Q
  • earth is unstable
  • volcanic eruptions
  • no atmosphere
A

Hadean Eon

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4
Q
  • accumulation of organic materials in ocean
  • archea
  • prokaryotes
  • harsh environment
A

Archean Eon

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5
Q
  • atmosphere established
  • oxygen level arise
  • suitable for life
A

Protozoic Eon

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6
Q

life is diversified

A

Phanerozoic Eon

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7
Q

three major divisions of the Phanerozoic Eon

A
  1. Paleozoic era
  2. Mesozoic era
  3. Cenozoic era
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8
Q

6 major extinctions

A
  1. Ordovician
  2. Late Devonian
  3. Permian-Triassic
  4. Triassic-Jurassic
  5. Cretaceous-Paleogene
  6. Holocene
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9
Q

first organisms to give rise to vertebrates

A
  • hagfish
  • lamprays
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10
Q
  • in Devonian period
  • came from fish
  • developed lobed fins
  • has lungs and gills
  • gave rise to terrestrial animals
A

Tiktaalik

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11
Q
  • fishes with legs and arms
  • not enough to support body weight
A

Acanthostega

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12
Q

fully adapted in terrestrial life

A

Ichthyostega

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13
Q

how many species of vertebrates are there

A

57,000

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14
Q

bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia

A

Chordates

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15
Q

two groups of invertebrates under chordates

A
  • urochordates
  • cephalochordates
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16
Q

largest organism to ever live

A

blue whale

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17
Q

four key characteristics of chordates

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits or clefts
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
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18
Q
  • longitudnal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord
  • provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate
  • adult retains only remnants of it
A

notochord

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19
Q
  • develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord
  • develops into the central nervous system
A

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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20
Q
  • develop into slits that open to the outside of the body
  • suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordate
  • gas exchange
  • develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods
A

pharyngeal slits or clefts

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21
Q

functions of pharyngeal slits

A
  1. suspension-feeding structures
  2. gas exchange
  3. develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods
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22
Q
  • posterior to anus
  • greatly reduced during embryonic develoment in many species
  • contains skeletal elements and muscles
  • provides propelling force in many aquatic species
A

muscular, post-anal tail

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23
Q
  • named for their bladelike shape
  • marine suspension feeder that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
A

lancelets (Cephalochordata)

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24
Q
  • are more closely related to other chordates that lancelets
  • most resemble chordates during their larval stage, which may only last only a few minutes
  • draws in water through an incurrent siphon, filtering food particles
  • shoot water through excurrent siphon when attacked
A

tunicates (Urochordata)

25
Q

number of Hox genes of Tunicates

26
Q

genes common to all chordates

A

associated with heart and thryoid

27
Q

genes unique to vertebrates

A

associated with transmission of nerve impulses

28
Q

skeletal system and nervous system allowed vertebrates to what

A
  • capture food
  • evade predators
29
Q

sets of Hox genes of vertebrates

A

two or more

30
Q

only one cluster of Hox genes

A
  • lancelets
  • tunicates
31
Q

derived characters of vertebrates

A
  1. vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
  2. elaborate skull
  3. fin rays, in aquatic forms
32
Q

ectoderm give rise to

A

skin, nervous system ..

33
Q

mesoderm give rise to

A

skeletal, circulatory, reproductive …

34
Q

endoderm give rise to

A

digestive syst., lungs …

35
Q

what do earliest vertebrates lack

36
Q

two lineages of jawless verts that remain today

A
  1. hagfishes
  2. lampreys
37
Q

members of hagfishes and lampreys lack what

38
Q

clade of living jawless vertebrates

A

cyclostomes

39
Q

clade of vertebrates with jaws

A

gnathostomes

40
Q
  • jawless vertebrates that have a cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, and a flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord
  • have small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations
  • marine; most are bottom-dwelling scavengers
A

hagfishes (Myxini)

41
Q
  • parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish
  • inhabit various marine and freshwater habitats
  • have cartilaginous segments surrounding teh notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord
A

lampreys (Petromyzontida)

42
Q

document the transition to craniates

A

fossils from Cambrian explosion

43
Q

most primitive of the fossils

A

3 cm long Haikouella

44
Q

Haikouella characteristics

A
  • well-formed brain, eyes, muscular segments
  • no skull or ear organs
45
Q
  • were among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record, dating from 500-200 million years ago
  • had mineralized skeletal elemetns in their mouth and pharynx
46
Q

jawless vertebrates that were armored with defensive plates of bone on their skin

A

jawless armored vertebrates

47
Q

where did mineralization appear to have originated

A

vetebrate mouthparts

48
Q

became fully mineralized much later

A

vertebrate endoskeleton

49
Q

outnumber jawless vertebrates

A

gnathostomes

50
Q

gnathostomes are named for their what

A

jaws, hinged structures

51
Q

jaws are hypothesized to have evolved by modification of what

A

skeletal rods that supported the pharyngeal gill slits

52
Q

other characters common to gnathostomes

A
  1. genome duplication, including Hox genes
  2. enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision
  3. in aquatic, the lateral line system which is sensitive to vibrations
53
Q

sensitive to vibrations which is found in aquatic gnathostomes

A

lateral line system

54
Q

earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record

55
Q

when did placoderms appear

A

~440 million years ago

56
Q

another group of jawed vertebrates that radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods

A

acanthodians

57
Q

when did acanthodians radiate

A

Silurian and Devonian period (444-359 million years ago)

58
Q

three lineages of jawed vertebrates that survive today

A
  1. chondrichthyans
  2. ray-finned fishes
  3. lobe-fins

ZOO101 - Vertebrate Zoology (13 decks)

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