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ZOO101 - Vertebrate Zoology > Cartilaginous Fishes - Physiology and Anatomy > Flashcards

Cartilaginous Fishes - Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

endoskeleton of cartilaginous fishes

A

cartilagnious endoskeleton with minimal calcification

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2
Q

notochord is replaced by vertebral column as they develop

A

Elasmobranchii

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3
Q

notochord remains unchanged throughout their lives

A

Holocephali

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4
Q

gives no support

A

vestigial ribs

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5
Q

partial calcification with what

A
  • calcium phosphates and
  • carbonates
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6
Q

shark’s cranium

A

single compact cartilaginous block which encloses the brain, olfactory and auditory capsules

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7
Q

where are red blood cells produced

A
  • kidneys and
  • epigonal
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8
Q

where are white blood cells created

A
  • spleen
  • spiral valve within intestine
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9
Q

red muscles

A
  • aerobic
  • contains myoglobin
  • for cruising
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10
Q

white muscles

A
  • anaerobic
  • for sudden bursts of speed
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11
Q

when it contracts, it pulls myocomata which cause bending of backbone rest of body

A

myotomes

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12
Q

passes over myotomes from in front backwards alternately on left right side

A

metachronal contraction

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13
Q

about how many waves of contractions are produced every minute

A

54 waves

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14
Q

transaction is capable of producing swimming movements for several days

A

spinal cord behind medulla oblongata

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15
Q

governs rhythm of contraction

A

spinal cord

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16
Q

supports fins

A

cartilaginous rods

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17
Q

act like a keel preventing rolling and yawning from side to side

A

median fins

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18
Q

compensate for downward motion

A

paired pectoral fins

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19
Q

causes downward force

A

caudal fin

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20
Q

control steering and add lift as shark swim

A

pectoral fins

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21
Q

stabilize shark

A
  • paired pelvic fins
  • one or two dorsal fins
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22
Q

placoid scales are also known as

A

dermal denticles

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23
Q

have placoid scales

A

sharks and batoids

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24
Q

three layers of placoid scales

A
  1. outer layer of vitro-dentine
  2. dentine
  3. pulp cavity
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25
arrangement of placoid scales in sharks
regular pattern
26
arrangement of placoid scales in batoids
iregular pattern
27
brain
8-10 paris of cranial nerves
28
poorly developed outgrowths of skin and immovable
eyelids
29
- situated antero-ventrally - can be spread over eye in time of danger
movable nictitating membrane
30
where vision becomes more acute
15m from an object
31
why do nares not have respiratory function
not connected ot mouth cavity
32
detects changes in water pressure, vibrations and movement
lateral line system
33
what does the lateral line system detect
- changes in water pressure - vibrations - movement
34
how are prey located from long distances
sensing low-frequency vibrations with mechanoreceptors
35
lateral line system is composed of special receptor organs called what
neuromasts
36
main function of lateral line system
- distance perception - detecting low frequency vibrations - directional water flow
37
- sensitive to electrical fields and provide a means to locate potential prey or one another - modified parts of the lateral line system
Ampullae of Lorenzini
38
the ampullae of lorenzini may also function in what
navigation
39
where do they breath through
gills, typically having 5-7 pairs of gill slits
40
gill coverings
opercula
41
absent in the respiratory system
swim bladders
42
also assist in respiration
spiracles
43
continuously swim to kep water flowing over their gills
pelagic species
44
use spiracles to draw in water, which is then expelled through the gills
bottom dwelling species
45
heart of cartilaginous fishes
two-chambered heart with pouch like conus arteriosus
46
dampens blood pressure oscillations before blood flows into delicate blood capillaries
conus arteriosus
47
where red blood cells are produced
- spleen - Leydig's organ - epigonal organ
48
specialized immune structure
Leydig's organ
49
gut of chimaeras
"stomach" merged with intestine
50
shape of stomach
J
51
slows passage of food and increases the absorptive surface
spiral valve
52
what do sharks do when they eat something upsetting
stomach eversion and retraction
53
reproductive organ of males
claspers
54
reproductive organ of females
- cloaca - ovaries
55
reproduction in sharks
1. viviparous 2. ovoviviparous 3. oviparous
56
give birth to live young
Viviparous
57
lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body
Oviparous
58
hatch from an egg retained within the mother and are born live
Ovoviviparous
59
cartilaginous skeleton adaptation
- more flexible and lighter structure that provides agility - reduces density of their body
60
adaptations of rays
strong jaws that can crush hard-shelled prey
61
adaptations of chimaeras
upper jaw is completely fused to the skull
62
adaptations of shark
use caudal fin for propulsion and pectoral fins for stability
63
series of pores detects vibrations in the water
lateral line system
64
sensing weak electric signals from prey and electric fields
Ampullae of Lorenzini
65
allows them to see the size, shape, and color of their food
Sharp eyesight
66
suited for high-speed swimming
fusiform shape
67
adapted for life on the sea floor
flattened bodies
68
adaptations of chimaeras for defense
- large head - prominent eyes - poisonous spine
69
small opening behind the eye helps with water intake
spiracles for breathing
70
minimize friction with water
dermal denticles (tooth-like scales)
71
pointed snout at the front of its head
rostrum
72
use to maintain buoyancy
oil-filled liver
73
provide stability in sharks and open like wings in rays to glide gracefully in water
pectoral fins
74
cold-blooded and body temperature is regulated by surrounding environment
ectothermic
75
can retain nitroginous waste products
urea retention habitus

ZOO101 - Vertebrate Zoology (13 decks)

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