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ZOO101 - Vertebrate Zoology > Cartilaginous Fishes > Flashcards

Cartilaginous Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

class of jawed fishes with cartilaginous skeleton

A

chondrichthyes

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2
Q

what does the class chondrichthyes include

A
  • sharks
  • rays
  • skates
  • chimaeras
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3
Q

two main subclasses of chondrichthyes

A
  1. Elasmobranchii
  2. Holocephali
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4
Q

sharks, rays, skates, sawfish

A

Elasmobranchii

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5
Q

chimaeras, aka ghost sharks

A

Holocephali

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6
Q

no of orders under chondrichthye

A

13 orders

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7
Q

no of families under chondrichthye

A

60 families

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8
Q

no of genus under chondrichthye

A

198 genera

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9
Q

no of species under chondrichthye

A

1193

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10
Q

Divisions under Subclass Elasmobranchii

A

Superorder
1. Batoidea
2. Selachii

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11
Q

under Superorder Batoidea

A

Rajiformes or Hypotremata

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12
Q

under Super order Selachii

A
  1. Squaliformes or Pleurotremata
  2. Other sharks
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13
Q

manta rays

A

Myliobatiformes

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14
Q

great white shark

A

Carcharodon carcharias

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15
Q

general size

A

5-16 ft

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16
Q

general body shape

A
  • fusiform - sharks
  • flattened body shape - typical of rays
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17
Q

coloration pattern where the dorsal side is darker, and the ventral side is ligher, helping with camouflage

A

countershading

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18
Q

general eye characteristics

A
  • positioned laterally in sharks
  • dorsally in batoids
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19
Q

general nostril characteristics

A

ventrally positioned external nostrils

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20
Q

general fin characteristics

A
  • median and paired fins present, supported by fin rays
  • pectoral fin rigid
  • pelvic fin have claspers (male)
  • heterocercal
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21
Q

upper lobe is longer than the lower lobe

A

heterocercal

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22
Q

general mouth characteristics

A
  • ventral with jaw present
  • may have labial folds or furrows
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23
Q

general teeth characteristics

A
  • modified, enlarged placoid scales
  • replaceable rows
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24
Q

when did modern fishes likely evolve

A

455 million years ago (Ordovician Period)

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25
Q

placoderms gave rise to what

A
  1. Chondrichthyes
  2. Osteichthyes
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26
Q

where did sharlike forms appeared initially

A

freshwater

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27
Q

freshwater sharks with nearly symmetrical tail, spiny projections, and claspers in males

A

Pleurocanthodii

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28
Q
  • marine sharks with double-jointed jaws and no claspers
  • possibly ancestors or modern sharks
A

Cladoselachii

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29
Q
  • had sharp front teeth for seizing prey
  • flat back teeth for crushing mollusks, representing an intermediate step toward modern sharks
A

Hybodontii

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30
Q

caused major decline in chondrichthyes

A

Permian extinction

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31
Q

when most modern shark, skate, and ray families had evolved

A

Late Cretaceous

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32
Q

when did cartilaginous fishes appear

A

~450 million years ago

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33
Q

important fossil species

A
  1. Cladoselache (400 million years ago)
  2. Stethacanthus (345-280 m ago)
  3. Xenacanthus
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34
Q

torpedo-shaped, multiple gill slits

A

Cladoselache

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35
Q

anvil-shaped first dorsal fin

A

Stethacanthus

36
Q

freshwater predator with V-shaped teeth and long skull spine

A

Xenacanthus

37
Q

one of the largest sharks in history

A

Carcharodon megalodon

38
Q

Elasmobranchii:
notochord

A

replaced by cartilaginous vertebrae

39
Q

Holocephali:
notochord

A

intact (not replaced)

40
Q

Elasmobranchii:
jaw structure

A

upper jaw not fused to cranium

41
Q

Holocephali:
jaw structure

A

upper jaw fused to cranium

42
Q

Elasmobranchii:
gill slits

A

5-7 externl, uncovered

43
Q

Holocephali:
gill slits

A

4 gill slits, covered by an opercullum

44
Q

Elasmobranchii:
skin

A

placoid scales or naked

45
Q

Holocephali:
skin

A

no scales in adults, except in clasper regions

46
Q

Elasmobranchii:
mouth size

47
Q

Holocephali:
mouth size

48
Q

Elasmobranchii:
digestive system

A

spiral valve in the intestine

49
Q

Holocephali:
digestive system

A

fused stomach and intestine

50
Q

Elasmobranchii:
tail movement

A
  • heterocercal tail
  • thrusting
51
Q

Holocephali:
tail movement

A
  • thin long tail
  • flapping pectoral fins
52
Q

Elasmobranchii:
reproductive features

A

males have claspers

53
Q

Holocephali:
reproductive features

A

some have frontal claspers

54
Q

Elasmobranchii:
special organs

A
  • electric organs (Torpedo)
  • poison stings (Trygon)
55
Q

Holocephali:
special organs

56
Q
  • gill slits covered
  • upper jaw fused to skull
A

Holocephali

57
Q

gill slits exposed

A

Elasmobranchii

58
Q

gill slits on undersides

59
Q

gill slits on sides

60
Q

Orders under Elasmobranchii

A
  1. Carcharhiniformes
  2. Carcharhiniformes
  3. Heterodontiformes
  4. Hexanchiforme
  5. Lamniformes
  6. Orectolobiforme
  7. Pristiophoriformes
  8. Rajiformes
  9. Rhinopristiformes
  10. Torpediniformes
  11. Myliobatiformes
  12. Squaliformes
  13. Squatiniformes:
61
Q

ground sharks

A

Carcharhiniformes

62
Q

bullhead sharks

A

Heterodontiformes

63
Q

cow sharks and frilled sharks

A

Hexanchiformes

64
Q

mackerel sharks

A

Lamniformes

65
Q

carpet sharks

A

Orectolobiformes

66
Q

saw sharks

A

Pristiophoriformes

67
Q

common rays and skates

A

Rajiformes

68
Q

guitarfishes, wedge fishes, and sawfishes

A

Rhinopristiformes

69
Q

electric and thornback rays

A

Torpediniformes

70
Q

stingrays

A

Myliobatiformes

71
Q

sleeper sharks and dogfish sharks

A

Squaliformes

72
Q

angel sharks

A

Squatiniformes

73
Q

Orders under Holocehpali

A
  1. Chimaeriformes
  2. Callorhinchiformes
74
Q

characterized by a single gill slit covered by a soft operculum, a long, slender body, and a venomous spine on the dorsal fin

A

Chimaeriformes (true chimaeras)

75
Q
  • species with a long, trunk-like snout that gives them their unique appearance
  • mostly found in southern oceans
A

Callorhinchiformes (elephant fish)

76
Q
  • gill slits lateral
  • spiracles present
  • heterocercal tail
A

Selachii (sharks)

76
Q

fusiform body, five to seven gill slits, small spiracles

A

Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)

77
Q
  • flattened dorso-ventral body
  • gill slits ventral
  • pectoral fins fused to head
A

Batoidea (rays and skates)

78
Q
  • large pectoral fins fused to head
  • spiracles functional
A

Rajiformes (skates and rays)

79
Q
  • single gill opening with fleshy operculum
  • no spiracles, cloaca, or scales
  • jaws with tooth plates
A

Holocephali (chimaeras)

80
Q
  • pleurotrematic elasmobranchs
  • mostly marine, found in tropical warm waters
  • known for muscular strength, agility, and acute senses
  • bottom dwellers, feed on crustaceans and mollusks
81
Q

largest group of cartilaginous fishes

82
Q

largest shark

A

whale shark

83
Q
  • hypotrematic elasmobranchs
  • body flattened dorso-ventrally, large pectoral fins fused to head
A

skates and rays

84
Q
  • long rostrum with sharp tooth-like scales
  • swings saw to disable prey
  • can grow 3-6 meters
A

sawfish (Pristis)

85
Q

somewhat shark-like body

A

guitarfish (Rhinobatus)

86
Q
  • deep-sea
  • grotesque apperance, long tapering tail
  • gill slits covered by operculum
  • jaws fused to skull
  • flat tooth plates for crushing mollusks
  • open lateral line system
  • males have additional cephalic clasper
A

Chimaeras (Ratfish, ghost fish)

ZOO101 - Vertebrate Zoology (13 decks)

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