Bony Fishes - Physiology (6-10) Flashcards
1
Q
regulate sexual activity and reproduction, growth, osmotic pressure, general metabolic activities such as the storage of fat and the utilization of foodstuffs, blood pressure, and certain aspects of skin colour.
A
endocrine system
2
Q
secrete calcitonin
A
ultimobranchial glands
3
Q
- unique glandular islets found only in the kidneys of bony fishes
- secrete hypocalcin or stanniocalcin
A
Corpuscles of Stannius
4
Q
elicits a typical antihypercalcemic and antihypophosphatemic response on undefined target cells in the gill, intestine, and kidney
A
hypocalcin
5
Q
known to produce urotensin I and urotensin II
A
urophysis
6
Q
chemically related to a family of peptides that includes somatostatin
A
Urotensin I
7
Q
member of the family of peptides that includes mammalian corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
A
Urotensin II
8
Q
- covers the external surfaces of a fish’s body, including the fins
- comprised of the epidermis and dermis of the skin
- includes skin extensions such as barbels and flaps.
A
integumentary system
9
Q
- hard, enamel-like outer layer, an inner layer of cosmine (a form of dentine), and then a layer of vascular bone (isopedine)
- characteristics of extinct lungfishes and not found in any fishes today
- similar to ganoid scales
A
cosmoid scales
10
Q
components of cosmoid scales
A
- hard, enamel-like outer layer
- cosmine (form of dentine)
- layer of vascular bone (isopedine)
11
Q
- usually rhomboid in shape and have articulating peg and socket joints between them which makes them quite inflexible, but very protective
- have a bony basal layer, a layer of dentin (also found in human teeth), and an outer layer of ganoine which is the inorganic bone salt
A
ganoid scales
12
Q
components of ganoid scales
A
- bony basal layer
- layer of dentin
- outer layer of ganoine
13
Q
- thin, large, round or oval
- arranged in overlapping pattern which allow for greater flexibility
- surface layer is composed of calcium-based salts and inner layer is predominantly made of collagen
- As a fish grows, its scales grow, adding concentric layers, similar to tree rings.
A
cycloid scales
14
Q
- similar to cycloid, except that they have spines or comblike teeth along their free edges
- arranged in overlapping pattern which allow for greater flexibility
- surface layer is composed of calcium-based salts and inner layer is predominantly made of collagen
- As a fish grows, its scales grow, adding concentric layers, similar to tree rings.
A
ctenoid scales
15
Q
components of cycloid and ctenoid scales
A
- calcium-based salts surface layer
- collagen inner layer
16
Q
skin extensions
A
- barbels
- flaps
17
Q
- “whiskers” found on the head area of fish
- thought to be a sensory organ to help track down prey or food
A
barbels
18
Q
- Or the operculum
- bony flap that protects the gills from harm
- opens and closes to allow water to pass over the gills.
A
flaps
19
Q
protection of the integumentary system
A
- mucous secretions
- nonkeratinized epithelial cells
- hyperplasia
- scales
- noxious substances and venoms
- wandering leukocytes
- skin pigmentation
- fright pheromones
20
Q
- help to keep the skin surface free of pathogens by means of continual sloughing and renewal
- help to clear suspended material from the gills and skin of fish in highly turbid or polluted waters
- mucus of tropical reef fishes contains compounds that can absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation and may function in screening out both UVA and UVB radiation.
A
mucous secretions
21
Q
- key component of the unique wound repair mechanism of fish integument
- also protect the skin surface from pathogen invasion by means of phagocytic activity
A
nonkeratinized epithelial cells
22
Q
- result in epidermal thickening
- has been reported in fish infested with skin parasites or exposed to pollutants
- also occur at times that fishes are exposed to increased skin abrasion, as during spawning activity.
A
hyperplasia
23
Q
provide mechanical protection for deeper tissues, and bony encasements and spines discourage attacks by predators.
A
scales
24
Q
elaborated by specialized cells in the skin and produced by glands associated with spines on the fins or opercula can also help to dissuade such attacks.
A
noxious substances and venoms
25
for innate and adaptive immune systems of fishes
Wandering leukocytes
26
- conceal a fish via cryptic coloration, countershading, or disruptive coloration
- in deep sea, multiple bioluminescent organs or photophores distributed over the body surface can provide camouflage via counterillumination
Skin pigmentation
27
bioluminiscent organs
photophores
28
can alert other fish of the same species to the presence of predators
Fright pheromones
29
- functionally in charge of important processes such as digestion, absorption, and transportation of necessary nutrients
- food structural component include the mouth, teeth and gill rakers, esophagus, stomach, pylorus, pyloric caeca, pancreatic tissue, liver, gallbladder, intestine and anus.
digestive system
30
mouth of predatory fishes
- large
- teeth and tongue present
- gill rakers short
- pharyngeal teeth short and pointed
31
mouth of omnivorous fishes
- smaller
- devoid of teeth exc. pharyngeal teeth
- fine gill rakers
32
blunt and flat teeth
molariform
33
- lubricated by mucus, leads to the stomach
- short and expandable so that large objects can be swallowed
- layered with muscle.
esophagus
34
stomach of predatory fishes
muscular and elastic
35
stomach of omnivorous fishes
small
36
a sphincter that prevents premature movement of the food bolus out of the stomach
Pylorus
37
- found around the pylorus
- role of pyloric caeca in digestion has been widely speculated upon.
- Histologically, they are very similar to the intestine.
Pyloric Caeca
38
- around the pyloric caeca (or in that same area in fish lacking them)
- usually diffuse, not a discreet body
Pancreatic Tissue
39
two digestive functions of the pancreas
1. exocrine secretion
2. endocrine secretion
40
- produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder until a bolus passes the stomach, at which time the bile is expelled into the intestine
- key in the anabolism and catabolism of amino acids absorbed during digestion
- also the site of storage of food energy in the form of glycogen.
liver
41
- where most absorption of nutrients occurs
- lined with villi that increase surface area for absorption
intestine
42
intestine of predatory fishes
shorter
43
intestine of plant-eating fishes
long, coiled intestines
44
where digestive system terminates
anus
45
- removes metabolic waste and excess water and salt from the body
- freshwater fish have dilute urine, whereas marine fish have more concentrated urine
excretory system
46
includes the gonads, which are the testes and ovaries, and other secondary organs
reproductive system
46
under the reproductive system
1. sexual maturity
2. reproductive modes
3. fertilization and embryonic development
4. parental care
47
an organism having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics, either abnormally or (in the case of some organisms) as the natural condition
hermaphrodites
48
two types of hermaphrodites
1. sequential hermaphrodites
2. synchronous hermaphrodites
49
begin life as one sex then to another
sequential hermaphrodites
50
organism that possesses both male and female reproductive organs and can produce both sperm and eggs at the same time
synchronous or simultaneous hermaphrodite
51
trade roles to maintain genetic variability
egg trading
52
bony fishes release eggs, and the developing embryo is nourished by a yolk sac
Oviparous
53
- one parent (usually female) retains the fertilized eggs in her body
- developing embryo is nourished by a yolk sac formed prior to fertilization
- no nutrient connection between the parent and the developing embryos
Ovoviviparous
54
- female retains the fertilized eggs in her ovary or uterus, and the developing embryo is nourished by connection with the mother.
- rare
Viviparous
55
brood fertilized eggs in its mouth
male jawfish
56
fiercly guard their young
male bowfins
57
make elaborate nests and provide parental care to the developing fishes
sticklebacks
58
unisexual fish
Amazon molly
59
self-fertilizing fish
Mangrove killifish
60
sexually mature at birth
dwarf perch
61
become sexually mature shortly after birth
western mosquitofish
62
sexually mature between one and five years
bonefish
63
may take ten years or more to become sexually mature
- eels
- sturgeon
